Cited by 966Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionImpact of Technology on AdolescentsWorkplace Violence and Bullying

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Cyberbullying, School Bullying, and Psychological Distress: A Regional Census of High School Students

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Schneider, Shari Kessel, O'Donnell, Lydia, Stueve, Ann, Coulter, Robert W. S.·2012·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.2011.300308PMC PMC3490574

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Using data from a regional census of high school students, we have documented the prevalence of cyberbullying and school bullying victimization and their associations with psychological distress. METHODS: In the fall of 2008, 20,406 ninth- through twelfth-grade students in MetroWest Massachusetts completed surveys assessing their bullying victimization and psychological distress, including depressive symptoms, self-injury, and suicidality. RESULTS: A total of 15.8% of students reported cyberbullying and 25.9% reported school bullying in the past 12 months. A majority (59.7%) of cyberbullying victims were also school bullying victims; 36.3% of school bullying victims were also cyberbullying victims. Victimization was higher among nonheterosexually identified youths. Victims report lower school performance and school attachment. Controlled analyses indicated that distress was highest among victims of both cyberbullying and school bullying (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] were from 4.38 for depressive symptoms to 5.35 for suicide attempts requiring medical treatment). Victims of either form of bullying alone also reported elevated levels of distress. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the need for prevention efforts that address both forms of bullying and their relation to school performance and mental health.

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Malestar psicológico y apoyo psicosocial en víctimas de ciberbullying
Ortega-Barón, J., & Carrascosa, L. L. (2018) · International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology Revista INFAD de psicología · doi:10.17060/ijodaep.2018.n1.v2.1241 · Cited by 11
Fine-Grained Analysis of Cyberbullying Using Weakly-Supervised Topic Models
Zhang, Y., & Ramesh, A. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA) · doi:10.1109/dsaa.2018.00065 · Cited by 11
“Severe psychological problems can entail from cyberbullying incidents such as development of low selfesteem, depression, and suicidal tendencies [2], making it an important problem to study.”
Background
Cyberbullying and health: A preliminary investigation of the experiences of Canadian gay and bisexual adult men
Lam, S., Ferlatte, O., & Salway, T. J. (2019) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/10538720.2019.1596860 · Cited by 11
“…associated with suicidal ideation and attempts (Bonanno & Hymel, 2013; Hinduja & Patchin, 2010; Litwiller & Brausch, 2013; Schenk & Fremouw, 2012; Schneider et al., 2012; Schwickrath, 2012; Sinclair, Bauman, Poteat, Koenig, & Russell, 2012; Thomas et al., 2017; Zaborskis, Ilionsky, Tesler, &…”
Background
Moral Disengagement and Cyber Bullying, A Mediator Role of Emphatic Tendency
Bakioğlu, F., & Çapan, B. E. (2019) · International Journal of Technoethics · doi:10.4018/ijt.2019070102 · Cited by 11
Was ist Cybermobbing?
Schenk, L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-26456-7_15 · Cited by 11
LGBTQ youth and digital media: online risks
Hatchel, T. J., Torgal, C., Sheikh, A. J. E., Robinson, L. E., Valido, A., & Espelage, D. L. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817499-9.00015-6 · Cited by 13
A Cross-Sectional Survey of Different Types of School Bullying before and during COVID-19 in Shantou City, China
Xie, L., Da, Q., Huang, J., Peng, Z., & Li, L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032103 · Cited by 11
Caregiver Configurations and Bullying Among High School Students
Edwards, O. W., & Batlemento, P. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0442-5 · Cited by 11
The Virtual Arena: A Call for a New Domain of Child Subjective Well-Being
Nadan, Y., & Kaye‐Tzadok, A. (2018) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-018-9530-y · Cited by 12
A predictive model to detect online cyberbullying
Kasture, A. S. (2015) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology) · Cited by 11
Digital Flourishing in the U.S.: Validation of the Digital Flourishing Scale (DFS) and Demographic Exploration
Janicke‐Bowles, S. H. (2023) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510974.2023.2289688 · Cited by 10
“Such uncivil online communication can not only significantly harm an individual’s mental or physical health (Schneider et al., 2012), but it also significantly decreases trust and social capital, which are important factors for well-being (e.g., Mutz & Reeves, 2005).”
Background
Relationships Between School Bullying and Frustration Intolerance Beliefs in Adolescence: A Gender-Specific Analysis
Potard, C., Pochon, R., Henry, A., Combes, C., Kubiszewski, V., & Roy, A. (2021) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-021-00402-6 · Cited by 16
Global Research Trends in School Bullying: A Bibliometric Analysis
Ishak, M. S., Sarkowi, A., Ahmi, A., Abdulrauf-Salau, A., & Memon, S. (2023) · Journal of Educational and Social Research · doi:10.36941/jesr-2023-0009 · Cited by 22
Frecuencia de acoso y ciber-acoso, y sus formas de presentación en estudiantes de secundaria de colegios públicos de la ciudad de Manizales, 2013 / Frequency of bullying and cyberbullying, and its ways of presentation in public high school students in the
Delgado, Y. D. A., Castrillón, J. J. C., Salcedo, R. A. F., Ruiz, S. J., Quiñones, J. N. L., Forero, V. M., Ramírez, A. R., & Cortés, K. V. (2014) · Archivos de Medicina (Manizales) · doi:10.30554/archmed.14.1.237.2014 · Cited by 12
Involvement of school students in fights with weapons: prevalence and associated factors in Brazil
Melo, A. C. M., & García, L. P. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3629-1 · Cited by 10
“These findings may be related to the fact that girls tend to get involved in fights as a defence against provocation or aggression and have less support from their family [35, 36].”
Background
An Examination of the Relationship between Students Involved and not Involved in Cyberbullying Incidents and Self-Esteem and Extroversion
Ayas, T. (2016) · TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM · doi:10.15390/eb.2016.4928 · Cited by 12
Redefining Cyber Sexual Violence Against Emerging Young Women: Toward Conceptual Clarity
Pashang, S., Clarke, J., Khanlou, N., & Degendorfer, K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64838-5_5 · Cited by 10
Cyberbullying: An Unceasing Threat in Today's Digitalized World
Waller, A. P., Lokhande, A. P., Ekambaram, V., Deshpande, S. N., & Ostermeyer, B. K. (2018) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20180821-01 · Cited by 10
Health Behaviors and Psychological Distress Among Conscripts of the Lithuanian Military Service: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study
Miežienė, B., Emeljanovas, A., Česnaitienė, V. J., Vizbaraitė, D., & Žumbakytė-Šermukšnienė, R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17030783 · Cited by 14
“A study in Massachusetts in the USA found that 20% of high school students of both sexes reported depressive symptoms [46].”
Background
Does Religion Buffer Against the Detrimental Effect of Cyberbullying Victimization on Adults’ Health and Well-Being? Evidence from the 2014 Canadian General Social Survey
Chai, L. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211050092 · Cited by 12
“shows that victims of both traditional and cyberbullying are associated with greater health disparities compared to those who are victims of either form of bullying (Schneider et al., 2012).”
Background
Bullying and cyberbullying in a modern school
Nazarov, V. L., Averbukh, N. V., & Buinacheva, A. V. (2022) · The Education and science journal · doi:10.17853/1994-5639-2022-2-169-205 · Cited by 10
COVID-19 Stressors and Aggression among Chinese College Students: The Mediation Role of Coping Strategies
Hu, W., & Sun, M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043171 · Cited by 10
“Violent incidents can cause serious negative outcomes to the victims, such as deteriorating school performance, distress, depression, and suicide [22].”
Background
Cyberbullying en Educación Primaria: Factores explicativos relacionados con los distintos roles de implicación
García-Fernández, C. M., Romera, E. M., & Ruiz, R. O. (2017) · Psychology Society & Education · doi:10.25115/psye.v9i2.697 · Cited by 10
Conductas agresivas, victimización y uso problemático de videojuegos en escolares de educación primaria de la provincia de Granada
Cuberos, R. C., Garcés, T. E., Martínez-Martínez, A., Ortega, F. Z., Sánchez, M. C., & Ruiz, G. R.-R. (2018) · Revista Complutense de Educación · doi:10.5209/rced.54455 · Cited by 10
“…estamentos sociales, ya que se traduce en graves consecuencias como estrés crónico y ansiedad, depresión, baja autoestima, abuso de sustancias, agresividad o bajo rendimiento escolar (Chacón-Cuberos et al., 2015; Méndez y Cerezo, 2010; Perren, Dooley, Shaw y Cross, 2010; Schneider et al., 2012).”
Background
Relationship between Bullying Victimization and Quality of Life in Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Taiwan: Mediation of the Effects of Emotional Problems and ADHD and Oppositional Defiant Symptoms
Lin, C.-W., Lee, K.-H., Hsiao, R. C., Chou, W.-J., & Yen, C.-F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189470 · Cited by 9
Examining Gender Differences in a Social Norms Prevention Program for Cyberbullying
Schell-Busey, N. M., Connell, N. M., & Walding, S. (2023) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-023-00196-4 · Cited by 10
“…p. 5), and it is an increasingly serious problem with similar repercussions as bullying, including suicide (Carney et al., 2000; Hay et al., 2010; Schneider et al., 2012, Bonanno & Hymel, 2013; Hinduja & Patchin, 2015), low school commitment, substance use, and delinquency (Raskauskas & Stolz,…”
Emerging digital inequality in early life: Parenting and differential usage of digital devices among urban preschoolers in China
Liu, A., Li, W., & Li, M. (2024) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12997 · Cited by 9
Family Climate, Perception of Academic Achievements, Peer Engagement in Cyberbullying, and Cyber Roles among Adolescents
Sasson, H., Tur‐Sinai, A., & Dvir, K. (2024) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-024-10140-7 · Cited by 12
“Cyberbullying has several unique characteristics such as anonymity, wide distribution, and reduced responsibility and accountability (Schneider et al., 2012).”
Psychological harm: what is it and how does it apply to consumer products with internet connectivity?
Osman, M. (2025) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2025.2491086 · Cited by 11
“(For example, by cutting, burning, or bruising yourself on purpose) (Schneider et al. 2012).”
Surviving Cyberbullying: A Thematic Analysis of Online Videos
Brandau, M., & Rebello, A. (2020) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2020.1833118 · Cited by 9
“…anxiety, social anxiety and isolation, and panic attacks (Bauman et al., 2013; Fahy et al., 2016; Gini & Espelage, 2014; Gualdo et al., 2015; Landoll et al., 2015; Schneider et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2011), and associations with long-term mental health issues (Bannink et al., 2014; Wright, 2015).”
Background
Cybervictimization in Chilean Schools: An Intersectional Multilevel Study
Jensen, M., Yañez, C., Rojas, J., López, V., González, L., Urbina, C., Juan, M. S., Squicciarini, A. M., & Sánchez, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.780193 · Cited by 11
“In recent decades, various agents in both the educational and social spheres have manifested their concern over a new kind of bullying associated with information and communications technology (ICT) known as cyberbullying (Slonje and Smith, 2008; Schneider et al., 2012; Smith, 2012; Kowalski and Limber, 2013; Kowalski…”
Background
Interpersonal violence and suicide risk: Examining buffering effects of school and community connectedness
Berny, L. M., & Tanner‐Smith, E. E. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107405 · Cited by 9
Vulnerability and Mimicry as Predictive Axes in Cyberbullying
Gordillo, I. C., & Antelo, I. F. (2014) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260514555128 · Cited by 9
“Smith et al. (2008) report a much greater prevalence, with 14.”
Background
Social Context of Sexual Minority Adolescents and Relationship to Alcohol Use
Marshall, S. A., Henry, T. R., Spivey, L. A., Rhodes, S. D., Prinstein, M. J., & Ip, E. H. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.11.011 · Cited by 14
Cyberbullying among Emerging Adults: Exploring Prevalence, Impact, and Coping Methods
Oblad, T. (2019) · International Journal of Criminology and Sociology · doi:10.6000/1929-4409.2019.08.06 · Cited by 9

Authors: Schneider, S. K., O'Donnell, L., Stueve, A., & Coulter, R. W. S.
Affiliations: Education Development Center (US)
Shari Kessel Schneider, Lydia O'Donnell, Ann Stueve, and Robert W. S. Coulter are with the Health and Human Development Division, Education Development Center, Newton Waltham, MA.
ORCID: Schneider, Shari Kessel
Coulter, Robert W. S.
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 2012-01
Volume: 102
Issue: 1
Pages: 171-177
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2011.300308
PMC: PMC3490574
OpenAlex: W2171148355
Cited by: 966
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 91 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 55.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders: MetroWest Health Foundation
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Violence and Bullying
Keywords: cyberbullying, school bullying, bullying victimization, psychological distress, depressive symptoms, self-harm, suicidality, suicide attempts, sexual minority youth, academic performance, school attachment, high school students, bullying prevention
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Data Collection, Educational Status, Humans, Male, Massachusetts, Schools, Stress, Psychological, Logistic Models, Internet, Bullying

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Cyberbullying, School Bullying, and Psychological Distress: A Regional Census of High School Students

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