Cited by 966Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionImpact of Technology on AdolescentsWorkplace Violence and Bullying

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Cyberbullying, School Bullying, and Psychological Distress: A Regional Census of High School Students

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Schneider, Shari Kessel, O'Donnell, Lydia, Stueve, Ann, Coulter, Robert W. S.·2012·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.2011.300308PMC PMC3490574

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Using data from a regional census of high school students, we have documented the prevalence of cyberbullying and school bullying victimization and their associations with psychological distress. METHODS: In the fall of 2008, 20,406 ninth- through twelfth-grade students in MetroWest Massachusetts completed surveys assessing their bullying victimization and psychological distress, including depressive symptoms, self-injury, and suicidality. RESULTS: A total of 15.8% of students reported cyberbullying and 25.9% reported school bullying in the past 12 months. A majority (59.7%) of cyberbullying victims were also school bullying victims; 36.3% of school bullying victims were also cyberbullying victims. Victimization was higher among nonheterosexually identified youths. Victims report lower school performance and school attachment. Controlled analyses indicated that distress was highest among victims of both cyberbullying and school bullying (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] were from 4.38 for depressive symptoms to 5.35 for suicide attempts requiring medical treatment). Victims of either form of bullying alone also reported elevated levels of distress. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the need for prevention efforts that address both forms of bullying and their relation to school performance and mental health.

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Cuzzocrea, A., Akter, M. S., Shahriar, H., & Bringas, P. G. (2025) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi17020084 · Cited by 8
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Li, J., Wu, Y., Yao, M., & Hesketh, T. M. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03723-8 · Cited by 10
“The presence of multiple stressors has a compounding effect on psychological outcomes, leading to greater emotional distress than single stressors [26].”
Cyberbullying and its protective and risk factors among Polish adolescents
Łosiak-Pilch, J., Grygiel, P., Ostafińska-Molik, B., & Wysocka, E. (2022) · Current Issues in Personality Psychology · doi:10.5114/cipp.2021.111404 · Cited by 6
“…(Chang et al., 2013; Didden et al., 2009), substance abuse and somatic dysfunctions (Kowalski & Limber, 2013), decreased self-esteem (Didden et al., 2009), suicidal ideation (Hinduja & Patchin, 2010), increased likelihood of self-injury (Schneider et al., 2012) and loneliness (Sa-hin, 2012).”
Background
Problematic Internet use and cyberbullying in university students
Uludaşdemir, D. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.14744/phd.2023.26023 · Cited by 6
What Has Love Got to Do with Cyber Dating Abuse: Indirect Effect of Attachment Style on Depressive Symptoms
Kulari, G. (2024) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2024.2378112 · Cited by 6
“Literature has documented several adverse outcomes of CDA, including anxiety, depression, substance abuse, somatic symptoms, and self-injury (Fernández-González et al. 2023; Schneider et al. 2012).”
Prevalence of Cyberbullying in Patients Presenting to the Pediatric Emergency Department
Hellstrand, K., Rogers, S. C., DiVietro, S., Clough, M. E., & Sturm, J. J. (2020) · Pediatric Emergency Care · doi:10.1097/pec.0000000000002243 · Cited by 6
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Erçağ, E. (2021) · Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala · doi:10.18662/rrem/13.4/481 · Cited by 6
Autobiography matters: on swallowing kerosene and school bullying in Lebanon
Hajj, S. E. (2022) · New Writing · doi:10.1080/14790726.2022.2098342 · Cited by 6
“Within this new configuration complicated by cyberspace, they tap into the disinhibition and lack of accountability anonymity avails (Berry 2018, Humphreys 2016, and Schneider et al. 2012), excoriating their victims with impunity and aplomb.”
Background
Factors Contributed to Bully Victimization Among 6- to 13-Year-Old Children Cared by Parents or Relative/Nonrelative Caregivers: A Multiple Disadvantage Model
Cheng, T. C., & Lo, C. C. (2023) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/10443894231182496 · Cited by 6
“…& Manassis, 2011; DeJonck-heere et al., 2017; Espelage & Swearer, 2003; Gladden et al., 2014; Jawaid et al., 2012; Klomek et al., 2007; Klomek et al., 2008; Mayes et al., 2015; Pontillo et al., 2019; Schneider et al., 2012; Simmons & Antshel, 2021; Yockey et al., 2019; Zinner et al., 2012).”
Bullying, adverse childhood experiences and use of texting to promote behavior change
Pattishall, A. E., Ellen, S. B., & Spector, N. D. (2013) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000000030 · Cited by 6
An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) of EMDR clinicians experiences of bullying
Farrell, D. P., Knibbs, L., & Keenan, P. (2014) · Social Sciences Directory · doi:10.7563/ssd_03_01_03 · Cited by 6
Peer Victimization and Sexual Risk Taking Among Adolescents
Holt, M. K., Espelage, D. L., Ryzin, M. J. V., & Bowman, C. (2018) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12698 · Cited by 7
Suicide Screening and Behavioral Health Assessment in the Emergency Department
Esposito, J. M. (2019) · Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cpem.2019.02.002 · Cited by 6
Consequences of Accommodation: Parental Perceptions of School Staff and Peer Bullying of Children with Food Allergies
Rocheleau, G. C., & Rocheleau, B. N. (2019) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-019-00031-9 · Cited by 6
“A number of other characteristics have been found to be related to being bullied, such as sexual orientation (Schneider et al. 2012), body weight (Jankauskiene et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2018), and low self-esteem (Berthold and Hoover 2000; Dake et al. 2003; Jankauskiene et al. 2008).”
Background
Educación en Derechos Humanos: formación ética-cívica de los educadores sociales como medio para prevenir el ciberbullying
Sánchez, I. O., Gómez, M. J. A., & Pérez, M. G. (2017) · Pedagogia Social Revista Interuniversitaria · doi:10.7179/psri_2017.30.13 · Cited by 6
Cyberbullying Toward Māori Is Rife in New Zealand: Incidences and Demographic Differences in Experiences of Cyberbullying Among Māori
Houkamau, C. A., Satherley, N., Stronge, S., Wolfgramm, R. M., Dell, K., Mika, J. P., Newth, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2021) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0877 · Cited by 6
Electronic Bullying among a Sample of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in Zarqa City
Almakanin, H. A., Younis, N. A. H., & Al-Hiary, G. M. (2018) · Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies [JEPS] · doi:10.24200/jeps.vol12iss1pp179-197 · Cited by 6
Does escaping victimization in elementary school lead to improved health in high school: a comparison of victimization profile groups
Jensen‐Campbell, L. A., Boyd, E. Q., Araña, A. A., & Lee, S. L. (2017) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/jabr.12074 · Cited by 6
Cyberbullying in the World of Teenagers and Social Media
Alim, S. (2016) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0778-9.ch024 · Cited by 6
Bullying and Discrimination Experiences among Korean-American Junior High School Students
DiBlasi, T., Shin, J. Y., & Dill, C. A. (2018) · Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.24913/rjap.20.2.01 · Cited by 6
Cyberbullying: Legal and Ethical Implications, Challenges and Opportunities for Policy Development
A. Angwaomaodoko, E. (2024) · International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT) · doi:10.38124/ijisrt/ijisrt24apr108 · Cited by 5
KIVA Program for Trauma Healing due to Cyber-bullying among Students
Widiyanto, A., Atmojo, J. T., & Handayani, R. T. (2018) · Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior · doi:10.26911/thejhpb.2018.03.04.06 · Cited by 5
“Definition of Cyberbullying The term "cyberbullying" was first created in 1999, there was no general consensus on its definition (Schneider et al., 2012).”
Background
Exploring How U.S. High School Staff Support, Protect, and Affirm Sexual and Gender Minority Youth: Methods and Lessons Learned from a Qualitative Interview Study
Coulter, R. W. S., Henderson, E. R., Corey, S. L., Gagnon, K. W., Chugani, C. D., Egan, J. E., Murphy, C. E., Plenn, E., Routh, N., Roig, A., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069221093132 · Cited by 5
“Nevertheless, these disparities still exist in regions with medium and low structural stigma (Coulter et al., 2017; Schneider et al., 2012; Reisner et al., 2014; Coulter et al., 2016; Hatzenbuehler et al., 2013; Hatzenbuehler et al., 2012; Hatzenbuehler et al., 2014a, 2014b), suggesting that SGMY health disparities ar…”
Background
Turkey's Analysis of Cyberbullying and Cyber Victimization of Students in Turkey in Terms of Demographic Variables by Meta-Analysis Method
Sarier, Y. (2022) · Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.24106/kefdergi.754228 · Cited by 5
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Kazan, H. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5594-4.ch029 · Cited by 5
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Escobar-Echavarría, J., González, L. E. M., Restrepo, D., & Mejía-Rodríguez, D. (2017) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.rcpeng.2017.09.004 · Cited by 5
Fight or Flight? Curvilinear Relations between Previous Cyberbullying Victimization Experiences and Continuous Use of Social Media: Social Media Rumination and Distress as Chain Mediators
Gu, C., Liu, S., & Chen, S. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12110421 · Cited by 5
“In order to avoid the distress and other mental stress that are caused by cyberbullying, people reduce their use of social media [63].”
Background
The Role of Positive Social Institutions in Promoting Hope and Flourishing among Sexual and Gender Minorities: A Multi-Group Analysis
Bragg, J. E., Brady, S. R., & Howell, D. (2022) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth2040046 · Cited by 5
Does bullying among students hamper their well-being? Roles of helplessness and psychological capital
Kuriakose, V., Bishwas, S. K., & Mohandas, N. P. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Management · doi:10.1108/ijem-10-2022-0437 · Cited by 6
Investigating the Interplay Between Mental Health Conditions and Social Connectedness on Suicide Risk: Findings from a Clinical Sample of Adolescents
Berny, L. M., Mojekwu, F., Nichols, L. M., & Tanner‐Smith, E. E. (2024) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-023-01659-x · Cited by 5
Factors that Influence Bystander Behavior in the Cyberbully Context
Niblack, J., & Hertzog, J. L. (2015) · Sociological studies of children and youth · doi:10.1108/s1537-466120150000019002 · Cited by 5
Psychiatric–Mental Health Nurses’ Exposure to Clients With Problematic Internet Experiences: A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study
Wieland, D. M. (2015) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20150923-02 · Cited by 5

Authors: Schneider, S. K., O'Donnell, L., Stueve, A., & Coulter, R. W. S.
Affiliations: Education Development Center (US)
Shari Kessel Schneider, Lydia O'Donnell, Ann Stueve, and Robert W. S. Coulter are with the Health and Human Development Division, Education Development Center, Newton Waltham, MA.
ORCID: Schneider, Shari Kessel
Coulter, Robert W. S.
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 2012-01
Volume: 102
Issue: 1
Pages: 171-177
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2011.300308
PMC: PMC3490574
OpenAlex: W2171148355
Cited by: 966
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 91 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 55.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders: MetroWest Health Foundation
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Violence and Bullying
Keywords: cyberbullying, school bullying, bullying victimization, psychological distress, depressive symptoms, self-harm, suicidality, suicide attempts, sexual minority youth, academic performance, school attachment, high school students, bullying prevention
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Data Collection, Educational Status, Humans, Male, Massachusetts, Schools, Stress, Psychological, Logistic Models, Internet, Bullying

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Cyberbullying, School Bullying, and Psychological Distress: A Regional Census of High School Students

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