Cited by 174Cardiovascular Health and Disease PreventionHealth disparities and outcomesCardiovascular Health and Risk Factors

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Does low socioeconomic status potentiate the effects of heightened cardiovascular responses to stress on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis?

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Lynch, J W, Everson, S A, Kaplan, G A, Salonen, R, Salonen, J T·1998·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.88.3.389PMC PMC1508331

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether heightened cardiovascular reactivity and low socioeconomic status had synergistic effects on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in a population of eastern Finnish men. METHODS: Data from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study were used to measure 4-year progression of intima-media thickness in 882 men according to cardiovascular reactivity and socioeconomic status. Associations were examined in relation to risk factors and were stratified by baseline levels of atherosclerosis and prevalent ischemic heart disease. RESULTS: The effect of reactivity on atherosclerotic progression depended on socioeconomic status. Men who had heightened cardiovascular responsiveness to stress and were born into poor families, received little education, or had low incomes had the greatest atherosclerotic progression. CONCLUSIONS: An understanding of associations between individual risk factors and disease should be based on etiologic hypotheses that are conceived at the population level and involve fundamental social and economic causes of disease. This study demonstrates how examining the interaction of an individual biological predisposition will low socioeconomic status over the life course is etiologically informative for understanding the progression of atherosclerotic vascular disease.

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Mediation and Modification of the Association Between Hopelessness, Hostility, and Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis
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“Reports from the KIHD study have focused on the association between hostility and hopelessness, and PCA and cardiovascular mortality (Everson et al. 1996, 1997a,b; Greenglass and Julkunen, 1991; Julkunen et al., 1994; Lynch et al., 1998; Wilson et al., 1993).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Self‐reported health and cardiovascular reactions to psychological stress in a large community sample: Cross‐sectional and prospective associations
Phillips, A. C., Der, G., & Carroll, D. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00843.x · Cited by 52
“…ventricular mass (e.g. Allen, Matthews, & Sherman, 1997; Barnett, Spence, Manuck, & Jennings, 1997; Carroll, Ring, Hunt, Ford, & Macintyre, 2003; Kamarck, et al., 1997; Lynch, Everson, Kaplan, Salonen, & Salonen, 1998; Markovitz, Raczynski, Wallace, Chettur, & Chesney, 1998; Treiber, et al., 2003).”
Childhood Infections, Socioeconomic Status, and Adult Cardiometabolic Risk
Liu, R., Burgner, D. P., Sabin, M. A., Magnussen, C. G., Cheung, M. M. H., Hutri‐Kähönen, N., Kähönen, M. A. P., Lehtimäki, T. J., Jokinen, E. V., Laitinen, T. T., et al. (2016) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0236 · Cited by 49
Introductory paper: Cardiovascular reactivity at a crossroads: Where are we now?
Phillips, A. C., & Hughes, B. M. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.003 · Cited by 47
“Lynch et al., 1998; Matthews et al., 2006; Murdison et al., 1998; Treiber et al., 2003).”
Background
Aging, health, and public policy : demographic and economic perspectives
Waite, L. J. (2004) · Cited by 45
Anticipatory Blood Pressure Responses to Exercise Are Associated With Left Ventricular Mass in Finnish Men
Kamarck, T. W., Eränen, J., Jennings, J. R., Manuck, S. B., Everson‐Rose, S. A., Kaplan, G. A., & Salonen, J. T. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.12.1394 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
Is economic policy health policy?
Kaplan, G. A., & Lynch, J. W. (2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.3.351 · Cited by 44
Self-citation
Childhood socioeconomic status and cardiovascular reactivity and recovery among Black and White men: Mitigating effects of psychological resources.
Boylan, J. M., Jennings, J. R., & Matthews, K. A. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000355 · Cited by 42
Family Relationships and Children's Stress Responses
Lucas‐Thompson, R. G., & Goldberg, W. A. (2011) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386491-8.00007-4 · Cited by 40
The impact of socioeconomic factors on outcome and hospital costs associated with femoropopliteal revascularization
Durham, C. A., Mohr, M. C., Parker, F. M., Bogey, W. M., Powell, C. S., & Stoner, M. C. (2010) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2010.04.011 · Cited by 39
Stress reactivity and the Hemodynamic Profile–Compensation Deficit (HP–CD) Model of blood pressure regulation
James, J. E., Gregg, M. E. D., Matyas, T. A., Hughes, B. M., & Howard, S. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.021 · Cited by 42
Task demands and the pressures of everyday life: Associations between cardiovascular reactivity and work blood pressure and heart rate.
Steptoe, A., Cropley, M., & Joekes, K. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.19.1.46 · Cited by 38
Anger is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in low SES but not in higher SES men and women. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
Merjonen, P., Pulkki-Råbäck, L., Puttonen, S., Keskivaara, P., Juonala, M., Telama, R., Viikari, J. S. A., Raitakari, O. T., & Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L. (2007) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-007-9131-6 · Cited by 37
“For instance, a study by Lynch et al. (1998) showed that the effect of cardiovascular reactivity on atherosclerotic progression depended on SES, i.e. a stronger association was observed in individuals with low SES.”
Background
Work Stress and Coronary Heart Disease
Tennant, C. (2000) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/204748730000700405 · Cited by 37
Diminished heart rate reactivity to acute psychological stress is associated with enhanced carotid intima‐media thickness through adverse health behaviors
Ginty, A. T., Williams, S. E., Jones, A., Roseboom, T. J., Phillips, A. C., Painter, R. C., Carroll, D., & de Rooij, S. R. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12640 · Cited by 36
Is Cardiovascular Reactivity Associated With Atherosclerosis Among Hypertensives?
Gianaros, P. J., Bleil, M. E., Muldoon, M. F., Jennings, J. R., Sutton‐Tyrrell, K., McCaffery, J. M., & Manuck, S. B. (2002) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000035707.57492.eb · Cited by 36
Socioeconomic status and coronary heart disease: A psychobiological perspective
Steptoe, A., & Marmot, M. G. (2004) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 36
Mental arithmetic performance, physiological reactivity and mathematics anxiety amongst U.K. primary school children
Hunt, T. E., Bhardwa, J., & Sheffield, D. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.03.016 · Cited by 35
Adaptive Behavior in Stressful Situations and Stroke Incidence in Hypertensive Men
André-Petersson, L., Engström, G., Hagberg, B., Janzon, L., & Steen, G. (2001) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.32.8.1712 · Cited by 34
Cognitive ability and simple reaction time predict cardiac reactivity in the West of Scotland Twenty‐07 Study
Ginty, A. T., Phillips, A. C., Der, G., Deary, I. J., & Carroll, D. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01164.x · Cited by 33
Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress and carotid intima‐media thickness in children
Roemmich, J. N., Lobarinas, C. L., Joseph, P. N., Lambiase, M. J., Archer, F. D., & Dorn, J. P. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00776.x · Cited by 32
Socioeconomic Status and Coronary Heart Disease Risk: The Role of Social Cognitive Factors
Phillips, J. E., & Klein, W. M. P. (2010) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00295.x · Cited by 33
Blunted as well as exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity to stress is associated with negative health outcomes1
Phillips, A. C. (2011) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5884.2011.00464.x · Cited by 37
“Further, many of the large scale epidemiological studies of reactivity have used averaged blood pressure and heart rate data in a similar way to the present study, see e.g., (Carroll et al., 1995; Lynch et al., 1998; Markovitz et al., 1998; Matthews et al., 2006).”
Result
Child-rearing attitudes and cardiovascular risk among children: moderating influence of parental socioeconomic status.
Pulkki, L., Keltikangas-Järvinen, L., Ravaja, N., & Viikari, J. (2003) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2002.1125 · Cited by 34
Less affluent area of residence and lesser-insured status predict an increased risk of death or myocardial infarction after angiographic diagnosis of coronary disease
Horne, B. D., Muhlestein, J. B., Lappé, D. L., Renlund, D. G., Bair, T. L., Bunch, T. J., & Anderson, J. L. (2003) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(03)00125-x · Cited by 30
Socioeconomic status and hemodynamic recovery from mental stress
Steptoe, A., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Kunz-Ebrecht, S., & Owen, N. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00020 · Cited by 29
“…including higher future blood pressure (Light et al., 1999; Matthews, Woodall, & Allen, 1993), heightened left ventricular mass (Georgiades, Lemne, De Faire, Lindvall, & Fredrikson, 1997), the progression of atherosclerosis (Lynch et al., 1998), and the incidence of stroke (Everson et al., 2001).”
Background
Cardiovascular Recovery From Acute Laboratory Stress: Reliability and Concurrent Validity
Rutledge, T. R., Linden, W., & Paul, D. (2000) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200009000-00008 · Cited by 28
“Importantly, this does not seem to be a result of a general lack of enthusiasm for acute stress paradigms, as demonstrated by the rapidly growing literature concerning the disease-mediating effects of cardiovascular stress reactivity (2, 3) in which a disposition toward elevated autonomic and neuroendocrine responses…”
Background

Authors: Lynch, J. W., Everson, S. A., Kaplan, G. A., Salonen, R., & Salonen, J. T.
Affiliations: California Health and Human Services Agency (US)
University of Eastern Finland (FI)
ORCID: Lynch, J W
Kaplan, G A
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 1998-03
Volume: 88
Issue: 3
Pages: 389-394
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.88.3.389
PMC: PMC1508331
OpenAlex: W1984088895
Semantic Scholar: d393df6b32d33b5bc1bec2fba2058ca5e11335f0
Cited by: 174
References: 44
Citations by year: 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 4.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-44199, R01HL044199)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Keywords: low socioeconomic status, cardiovascular reactivity, carotid atherosclerosis, atherosclerosis progression, intima-media thickness, stress response, social determinants of health, educational attainment, income, ischemic heart disease, men, life course
MeSH terms: Arteriosclerosis, Blood Pressure, Carotid Arteries, Carotid Artery Diseases, Educational Status, Exercise Test, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Poverty, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Disease Progression

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Does low socioeconomic status potentiate the effects of heightened cardiovascular responses to stress on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis?

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