Survival and Growth of Chestnut Backcross Seeds and Seedlings on Surface Mines
Open accessAbstract
Some scientists consider the loss of the American chestnut from forests in the eastern United States as one of the greatest forest ecological disasters in the 20th century. The American Chestnut Foundation has been attempting to restore chestnut by backcrossing blight-resistant Chinese chestnut to American chestnut and selecting those strains with blight resistance. Third-generation backcross seeds and seedlings have been produced and planted by researchers. Surface-mined lands provide a land base where these backcross chestnut seedlings may be introduced back into forests. In 2008, seeds of two parent species of chestnut (100% American and 100% Chinese) and three breeding generations (BF, BF, and BF backcrosses) were planted into loosely graded mine soils with and without tree shelters. First-year establishment from seeds averaged 81%. After the fourth year, survival without shelters declined for all chestnut stock types except for Chinese (80%): American 40%, BF 70%, BF 40%, and BF 55%. Survival with shelters was only slightly better after the fourth year (average, 60% with shelters and 57% without). Height growth was not different among stock types, and average height after the fourth year was 43 cm without shelters and 56 cm with shelters. In 2009, seeds and seedlings of the same chestnut stock types were planted into brown (pH 4.5) or gray (pH 6.6) mine soils. Only six out of 250 seeds germinated, which was very poor considering 81% average seed germination in 2008. Transplanted chestnut seedling survival was much better. After the third year, seedling survival was 85% in brown and 80% in gray soil, but significant differences were found with stock types. Survival was significantly higher with American, Chinese, and BF stock types (75%) than with BF and BF (60%). Height after the third season averaged 90 cm on brown and 62 cm on gray soil. Chestnut backcrosses displayed no hybrid vigor and were not better in survival and growth than the parent stock. All five stock types grew on mine soils in West Virginia, and we found surface mines to be promising sites for introducing blight-resistant chestnut backcross trees into the Appalachian forest.
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Chestnut plantings have demonstrated success in many Appalachian states.
“Chestnut plantings have demonstrated this success in many of the Appalachian states (Kentucky—Barton et al. 2015; Virginia—Fields-Johnson et al. 2012; West Virginia—Skousen et al. 2013; and Ohio—Bauman et al. 2008).”
From Plantation performance of chestnut hybrids and progenitors on reclaimed Appalachian surface mines (2018) · cites this paper as Skousen et al. 2013
After 3 years in Study 2, average height was 90 cm on brown and 62 cm on gray.
“Average height (cm) after 3 years averaged 90 cm on brown and 62 cm on gray.”
From Plantation performance of chestnut hybrids and progenitors on reclaimed Appalachian surface mines (2018) · cites this paper as Skousen et al. 2013
In Study 2, transplanted chestnut seedling survival ranged from 48 to 100% across stock types.
“Transplanted chestnut seedling survival, however, ranged from 48 to 100% survival across stock types.”
From Plantation performance of chestnut hybrids and progenitors on reclaimed Appalachian surface mines (2018) · cites this paper as Skousen et al. 2013
In Study 1, first year establishment from seeds averaged 81%.
“In Study 1, first year establishment from seeds averaged 81%.”
From Plantation performance of chestnut hybrids and progenitors on reclaimed Appalachian surface mines (2018) · cites this paper as Skousen et al. 2013
After 3 years in Study 2, seedling survival averaged 85% in brown mine soils and 80% in gray mine soils, but significant differences were found with stock types.
“After 3 years, seedling survival averaged 85% in brown mine soils and 80% in gray mine soils, but significant differences were found with stock types.”
From Plantation performance of chestnut hybrids and progenitors on reclaimed Appalachian surface mines (2018) · cites this paper as Skousen et al. 2013
After 4 years in Study 1 without shelters, Chinese chestnut had the highest survival (80%) and the other stock types had declined.
“After 4 years, survival without shelters had declined for all chestnut stock types except Chinese (80%): American 40%, BC1F3 70%, BC2F3 40%, and BC3F2 55%.”
From Plantation performance of chestnut hybrids and progenitors on reclaimed Appalachian surface mines (2018) · cites this paper as Skousen et al. 2013
After 4 years in Study 1, height growth was not different among stock types and mean height was 43 cm without shelters and 56 cm with shelters.
“Height growth was not different among stock types and mean height after 4 years was 43 cm without shelters and 56 cm with shelters.”
From Plantation performance of chestnut hybrids and progenitors on reclaimed Appalachian surface mines (2018) · cites this paper as Skousen et al. 2013
In Study 2, very few seeds germinated.
“In Study 2, very few seeds germinated.”
From Plantation performance of chestnut hybrids and progenitors on reclaimed Appalachian surface mines (2018) · cites this paper as Skousen et al. 2013
After 3 years in Study 2, survival was significantly higher with American, Chinese, and BC1F3 stock types (75%) than BC2F3 and BC3F2 (60%).
“Survival was significantly higher with American, Chinese, and BC1F3 stock types (75%) than BC2F3 and BC3F2 (60%).”
From Plantation performance of chestnut hybrids and progenitors on reclaimed Appalachian surface mines (2018) · cites this paper as Skousen et al. 2013
After 4 years in Study 1, survival with shelters was only slightly better than without shelters (mean 60% with shelters and 57% without).
“Survival with shelters was only slightly better after 4 years (mean 60% with shelters and 57% without).”
From Plantation performance of chestnut hybrids and progenitors on reclaimed Appalachian surface mines (2018) · cites this paper as Skousen et al. 2013
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- Authors
- Skousen, J., Cook, T., Wilson-Kokes, L., & Pena-Yewtukhiw, E.
- Affiliations
- West Virginia University (US)
- Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.; One Alpha Place Bristol VA 24209
- Plant and Soil Sciences; West Virginia Univ.; 1106 Agric. Sci. Bldg. Morgantown WV 26506-6108
- Corresponding author
- Skousen, J.
- ORCID
- Skousen, J.
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Quality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 690-695
- ISSN
- 0047-2425 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2165445249
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2022: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Quality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Applied Science Program of the USDI
- Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
- Hatch Act for West Virginia University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Seedling growth and survival studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Forest ecology and management
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Seed Germination and Physiology
- Keywords
- American chestnut, Castanea mollissima, chestnut blight resistance, surface mine reclamation, mine soils, seedling survival, seed germination, tree shelters, heterosis, forest restoration, Appalachian forests
- MeSH terms
- Mining, Seeds, Soil, Trees, Seedlings
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