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Cited by 54HIV/AIDS Research and InterventionsMental Health Treatment and AccessTreatment of Major Depression

Prevalence, impact, and management of depression and anxiety in patients with HIV: a review

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Chaudhury, Suprakash, Bakhla, Ajay, Saini, Rajiv·2016·Neurobehavioral HIV Medicine
DOI 10.2147/nbhiv.s68956
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Abstract

Abstract: The prevalence of depression and anxiety in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) ranges from 7.2% to 71.9% and 4.5% to 82.3%, respectively. This wide variation is attributed to differences in sample size and characteristics, and methodology for assessment of anxiety and depression. Moreover, anxiety and depression increase the morbidity of HIV by poor adherence to treatment and various other significant mechanisms. Early identification and effective management of these disorders is associated with improved antiretroviral adherence and improved quality of life in PLWHA. Different treatment modalities, including pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies, are used for the management of anxiety and depression in PLWHA. Benzodiazepines are indicated for short periods of time. Clonazepam and lorazepam are safe in terms of drug–drug interactions and may be preferred. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are safer than tricyclic antidepressants. Though the different selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are supposed to be equally effective, to avoid interactions with antiretrovirals, the better options are sertraline, citalopram, and escitalopram. Various nonpharmacological therapies, including cognitive behavior therapy, interpersonal therapy, supportive psychotherapy, cognitive–behavioral-oriented group psychotherapy, experiential group psychotherapy, cognitive–behavioral stress management, stress management interventions, cognitive remediation therapy, mindfulness-based therapy, and aerobic and resistance exercise have been reported to be useful in treating depression among PLWHA. However, definitive evidence to decide which nonpharmacological intervention is most beneficial for the management of anxiety and depression in PLWHA is still required. Keywords: tricyclic antidepressants, benzodiazepines, SSRI, CBT, interpersonal therapy, mindfulness based therapy

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  • Up to 63% of people with HIV meet criteria for a co-occurring substance use and psychiatric disorder, with depression and anxiety being the most common psychiatric co-morbidities.

    “Indeed, up to 63% of PWH meet criteria for a co-occurring substance use and psychiatric disorder [22, 23], with depression and anxiety being the most common psychiatric co-morbidities [23, 24].”

    From A Randomized Feasibility/Acceptability Trial of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for People with HIV Who Drink at Unhealthy Levels. (2026) · cites this paper as [22]

    The Prevalence section (page unavailable) says unipolar depression is the most common mental disorder among people living with HIV and that common co-occurring disorders include anxiety. It does not report that up to 63% meet criteria for both a substance use disorder and a psychiatric disorder; the prevalence figures it gives describe different outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Research works printed but not linked: 7

  1. World Health Organization. WHO Case Definitions of HIV for Surveil- lance and Revised Clinical Staging and Immunological Classification of HIV-Related Disease in Adults and Children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007:8.
  2. Ohaeri JU, Jegede RO. Depression and the general medical practitioner in Nigeria. Medicare. 1991;6:7-11.
  3. Bhatia R, Hartman C, Kallen MA, Graham J, Giordano TP. Persons newly diagnosed with HIV Infection are at high risk for depression and poor linkage to care. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(6):1161-1170.
  4. Asch SM, Kilbourne AM, Gifford AL, et al. Under diagnosis of depres- sion in HIV. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18:450-460.
  5. Habib SE. AIDS, Sex Work and Gender: Researching Female Sex Workers in Bangladesh. In: Hossain KT, Imam MH, Habib SE, editors. Women Gender and Discrimination. Rajshahi: Higher Education Link Programme; 2004:155-170.
  6. Summers J, Zisook S, Atkinson JH, et al. Psychiatric morbidity associ- ated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related grief resolution. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995;183:384-389.
  7. Chander G, Himelhoch S, Moore R. Substance abuse and psychiatric disorder in HIV-positive patients. Drugs. 2006;66:769-789.

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Authors
Chaudhury, S., Bakhla, A., & Saini, R.
Affiliations
  • Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
  • Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
  • Armed Forces Medical College (IN)
ORCID
Venue
Neurobehavioral HIV Medicine
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2016-05
Pages
15
ISSN
1179-1497 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2147/nbhiv.s68956
OpenAlex
W2345696777
Cited by
54
References
178
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
FWCI
4.31
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Neurobehavioral HIV Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords
depression, anxiety, HIV/AIDS, people living with HIV, prevalence, antiretroviral therapy adherence, quality of life, benzodiazepines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, non-pharmacological treatment, cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based interventions, stress management, physical activity, drug-drug interactions

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