Synthesis, characterization, applications, and challenges of iron oxide nanoparticles
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Recently, iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted much consideration due to their unique properties, such as superparamagnetism, surface-to-volume ratio, greater surface area, and easy separation methodology. Various physical, chemical, and biological methods have been adopted to synthesize magnetic NPs with suitable surface chemistry. This review summarizes the methods for the preparation of iron oxide NPs, size and morphology control, and magnetic properties with recent bioengineering, commercial, and industrial applications. Iron oxides exhibit great potential in the fields of life sciences such as biomedicine, agriculture, and environment. Nontoxic conduct and biocompatible applications of magnetic NPs can be enriched further by special surface coating with organic or inorganic molecules, including surfactants, drugs, proteins, starches, enzymes, antibodies, nucleotides, nonionic detergents, and polyelectrolytes. Magnetic NPs can also be directed to an organ, tissue, or tumor using an external magnetic field for hyperthermic treatment of patients. Keeping in mind the current interest in iron NPs, this review is designed to report recent information from synthesis to characterization, and applications of iron NPs.
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Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy are powerful techniques to provide information on core size, core size distribution and morphology of iron oxide nanoparticles.
“Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are powerful techniques to provide information on the core size, core size distribution and morphology of iron oxide nanoparticles [103, 104].”
From Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications (2019) · cites this paper as [103]
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- Authors
- Ali, A., Zafar, H., Zia, M., ul Haq, I., Phull, A. R., Ali, J. S., & Hussain, A.
- Affiliations
- Kongju National University (KR)
- Institute of Space Technology (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Ali, Attarad
- Venue
- Nanotechnology, Science and Applications
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-08
- Volume
- Volume 9
- Pages
- 49-67
- ISSN
- 1177-8903 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4998023
- OpenAlex
- W2513417361
- Cited by
- 1,591
- References
- 160
- Citations by year
- 2026: 106 · 2025: 168 · 2024: 228 · 2023: 217 · 2022: 211 · 2021: 222 · 2020: 188 · 2019: 137 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nanotechnology Science and Applications (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Magnetic Properties and Synthesis of Ferrites
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Iron oxide chemistry and applications
- Keywords
- iron oxide nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, nanoparticle synthesis, size and morphology control, superparamagnetism, surface coating, biocompatibility, magnetic hyperthermia, magnetic drug delivery, biomedical applications, agricultural applications, environmental applications, magnetic separation
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