The Role of Job Insecurity, Social Media Exposure, and Job Stress in Predicting Anxiety Among White-Collar Employees
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the combined effects and relationships between social media exposure, job insecurity, job stress, and anxiety among individuals and to propose an innovative model exploring how these factors contribute to increased anxiety. Patients and Methods: This empirical research paper focuses on understanding the role of job insecurity, social media exposure, and job stress in predicting anxiety levels. The study was conducted on a sample of 292 white-collar employees in various organizations and institutions across the United States amid the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing economic crisis, during the broader transition to a digital working environment. A self-report Likert-type questionnaire was administered to measure employees' job stress, uncertainty, anxiety levels and social media exposure. The present study employed theoretical background of Lazarus' Theory of Psychological Stress and the JDR Model. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the relationships between these constructs, while confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the validity of the measurement model. Results: The study provides empirical support for the claim that employees with pervasive job stress will likely develop anxiety symptoms. It also highlights the mechanisms by which social media exposure increases employees' anxiety levels and how management and policymakers can buffer the stressors. Conclusion: The research emphasizes the importance of addressing occupational mental health problems, and the implications of the findings indicate the need for managerial interventions in securing effective measures for buffering stress and controlled social media usage. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by informing managers and policymakers on key aspects to consider in promoting psychological balance and a healthy organizational climate.
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High levels of doomscrolling are associated with decreased mindfulness and increased secondary traumatic stress.
“High levels of doomscrolling—the obsessive consumption of negative news—are associated with decreased mindfulness and increased secondary traumatic stress, while social media can alleviate stress by providing factual and positive information.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [143]
Social media can alleviate stress by providing factual and positive information.
“High levels of doomscrolling—the obsessive consumption of negative news—are associated with decreased mindfulness and increased secondary traumatic stress, while social media can alleviate stress by providing factual and positive information.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [143]
A study involving 685 participants indicated that the media, especially social networks, can provide support and connection through the dissemination of factual and positive information.
“A study involving 685 participants indicated that the media, especially social networks, can provide support and connection through the dissemination of factual and positive information.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [143]
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Obrenovic, B., Gu, X.-C., Wang, G., Godinic, D., & Jakhongirov, I. J. (2024) · Ai & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-024-01889-0 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationShchaslyvyi, A. Y., Antonenko, S. V., & Telegeev, G. D. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21081077 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Wang, G., Obrenovic, B., Gu, X., & Godinić, D. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07357-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationKeshavarz, H., Saeidnia, H. R., & Wang, T. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-12196-1 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
AI anxiety and knowledge payment: the roles of perceived value and self-efficacy
Chen, J., He, M., & Sun, J. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02510-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cui, W. H., Chen, X., Xia, W., & Hu, Y. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151813919 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Brajković, L., Milat-Panža, K., & Kopilaš, V. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11243181 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wang, R., Mao, E., & Gu, X. (2025) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s441030 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationShift Work, Psychological Health Disorders, and Job Security Among Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study
Alghamdi, R., & Bahari, G. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13030221 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wei, X., Wei, X., Yu, X., & Ren, F. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s446520 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Job Satisfaction, Mental Symptoms, and Well-Being in Adult Workers: A Gender Analysis
Aznar, M. P. M., Tovar, L. S., Hernández-Lorenzo, D. E., & Sanchíz, D. C. (2024) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint5020018 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gharbi, H., Sobaih, A. E. E., & Aliane, N. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1615426 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chua, M. M., Ang, W. H. D., Siew, A. L., & Chen, H. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.16459 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nguyen, M., Tuân, N. P., Alghafes, R. A., Gupta, B., & Szabó-Szentgróti, G. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.106182 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ma, C., Zhang, W., Da, S., Zhang, H., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s455891 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cengiz, H. (2025) · OPUS Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.26466/opusjsr.1695844 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Xie, T., Huang, Z., Tan, Y., & Tan, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1360119 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Amoadu, M., & Akoto-Buabeng, W. (2025) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-025-00367-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bai, Z., Zheng, S., & Hu, J. (2025) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.70005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Obrenovic, B., Godinić, D., Du, G., Khudaykulov, A., & Gan, H. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14080648 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationBAYRAM, H., & Şenol Mail, P. A. L. A. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251339666 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Systematic Literature Review of Karma Yoga: Past, Present, and Future
Rana, A., Garg, N., Verma, S., & Pandey, A. (2025) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-025-02483-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mental Health and Disability: Understanding the Complex Interplay
Sen, A., & Mohanraj, P. S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40858-8_374-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The indirect effect of parents’ work-family conflict on students’ psychosocial well-being
Wirawan, H., Zahra, N. S., Saman, A., & Aryani, F. (2024) · Community Work & Family · doi:10.1080/13668803.2024.2409697 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Khan, G. A. (2025) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941251363895 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nyaaba, E., Epis, V. F., Awine, T. A., Kudeto, P. W., Kwame, A. A., Abass, K., & Gyasi, R. M. (2025) · Geopsychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.geopsy.2025.100021 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Güven, M., & Acevedo, G. A. (2025) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel16101246 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Choobineh, A., Karami, M., Sahranavard, Y., Fakhraei, M. R., Mohammad, F. G., Alibeygian, F., Nasab, S. H., Alizadeh, A., Shahbazi, M., & Tahmasebi, R. (2026) · La Medicina del Lavoro · doi:10.23749/mdl.2026.18043 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, B. (2026) · International Journal of Heritage Studies · doi:10.1080/13527258.2026.2642594 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, P., Chen, Q., Wang, X. Y., & Li, Q. (2026) · International Journal of Workplace Health Management · doi:10.1108/ijwhm-01-2026-0011 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Shukhratovna, R. O., & Narmuradovich, R. S. (2023) · THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION · doi:10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.96.1001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, X., Hu, G., Shu, Y., & Si, W. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16177316 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Balancing Job Stress and Psychological Well-Being
Mohamad, N. I. (2024) · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3470-6.ch008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Anitha, K., Narkees Beevi, S., & Amala, J. (2024) · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-6402-4.ch008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tillabaeva, U., Умарова, С. Х., Talipova, N. T., & Gulyamova, A. (2023) · International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development · doi:10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.93.2002
Abere, O. J., Banjo, K. A., & Saka, T. S. (2023) · International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development · doi:10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.93.2003
The Interplay of Job Satisfaction, Work-Life Balance, and Mental Health in the Era of Social Media
Astanakulov, O. T., Abdullayeva, N., Abdurakhimova, F., & Nasimbek, A. (2023) · THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION · doi:10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.96.1002
SciVal-Based Assessment of COVID-19 Pandemic Effects on Employee Mental Health
Astanakulov, O. T., & Улмасова, Д. (2023) · Journal of International Business Research and Marketing · doi:10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.82.3001
Sobia, Shah, N., & Zaidi, S. Z. H. (2024) · Progressive Research Journal of Arts & Humanities (PRJAH) · doi:10.51872/prjah.vol6.iss1.297
Marin, M. G., Ramos, A. R., Giehl, P. R., Louzardo, D. D. S., & Weber, E. F. (2024) · Psicologia e Saúde em Debate · doi:10.22289/2446-922x.v10n1a41
TO THE PROBLEM OF INCREASING THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF BUSINESS ENTITIES IN INDUSTRY
Salimov, A. A. (2023) · Экономика и предпринимательство · doi:10.34925/eip.2023.158.09.151
The differential impact of worry profiles on depression during COVIS-19
Lassi, N. (2024) · Minerva Psychiatry · doi:10.23736/s2724-6612.24.02499-0
Afrontamiento del duelo en situaciones de desempleo: un estudio exploratorio
Climent‐Rodríguez, J. A., Gómez-Salgado, J. C., García‐Iglesias, J. J., & Navarro‐Abal, Y. (2025) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2024.103209
Chen, X., Lu, Q., Zhou, F., Hu, M., Yao, N., Zhang, Y., & Qiu, F. (2025) · PubMed Central · doi:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2025.250133
Advanced computational framework for effective stress prediction among corporate employees
Vashisht, N., Sahoo, D. S., Bagga, S., Neha, Sunil, J., & Goyal, W. (2025) · Multidisciplinary Science Journal · doi:10.31893/multiscience.2025ss0227
Factors associated with meaning in life of patients with multiple myeloma in Korea
Cho, Y.-R., & Yoo, Y. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2565512
Lappeman, J., Broster, P., Madurai, M., Masipa, M. S., & Cheteni, P. (2025) · Young Consumers · doi:10.1108/yc-10-2024-2292 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Occupational Stress in the Face of Psychological Well Being
Mohamad, N. I., Ahmad, N. N., Mohamad, N. M., & Nowalid, W. A. W. M. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-2970-3.ch013
Mieilă, M., Tanasescu, I., Florea, N. V., Coman, M. D., & Gîju, G. C. (2025) · Journal of East European Management Studies · doi:10.31083/jeems39740
Nyaaba, E., Sefa, E. A. O., Yeboah, E., kanton, M. S., & Guodaar, L. (2026) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-026-00613-x
Chen, Y., Mao, F., Liu, Z., & Wu, Y. (2026) · Technological and Economic Development of Economy · doi:10.3846/tede.2026.25480
Exploring the negative impact of social media on employee mental health in Malaysia: A Delphi study
Wu, C.-H., Wider, W., Yew, W. X., Thet, K. Z. Z., Li, C., & Borromeo, A. S. (2026) · Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies · doi:10.30935/ojcmt/18189
Financial hardship and mental health among business owners in Bangladesh during COVID-19
Siddique, A. B., Rahman, T., Omi, N. T., Hashem, R. B., Nath, S. D., & Amin, Z. (2026) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-026-00699-3
Walsh, G., Funke, C., Rothert-Schnell, C., & Takahashi, I. (2026) · Cross Cultural & Strategic Management · doi:10.1108/ccsm-08-2025-0291
Household financial asset allocation and unemployment anxiety
Li, H., Gao, X., Tu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Finance research letters · doi:10.1016/j.frl.2026.110495
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Employees’ Lived Experiences in Major Organisational Restructuring in a Higher Education Institution
Ntunzi, B., Mapete, S., Ben, S., Jojo, A., & Mjoli, T. Q. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-9489-4_15
Work-related anxiety: age differences among European workers under job and technological demands
Campos‐García, I., Barahona, E. P., & De-la-Calle-Durán, M.-C. (2026) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/er-09-2025-0749
- Authors
- An, H., Gu, X., Obrenovic, B., & Godinic, D.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai International Studies University (CN)
- Communication University of Zhejiang (CN)
- Luxembourg School of Business (LU)
- Corresponding author
- Gu, Xiao
- Obrenovic, Bojan
- Venue
- Psychology Research and Behavior Management
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2023-08
- Volume
- Volume 16
- Pages
- 3303-3318
- ISSN
- 1179-1578 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10443693
- OpenAlex
- W4385988488
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 8
- FWCI
- 20.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychology Research and Behavior Management (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Jilin Office of Philosophy and Social Science
- National Social Science Fund of China (20BZX057, (No.20BZX057))
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Keywords
- job insecurity, social media exposure, occupational stress, anxiety, white-collar workers, workplace mental health, COVID-19 pandemic, digital workplace
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