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Cited by 374Exercise and Physiological ResponsesMuscle Physiology and DisordersEstrogen and related hormone effects

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 172 of the 172 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Influence of Estrogen on Skeletal Muscle: Sex Matters

Enns, Deborah L., Tiidus, Peter M.·2010·Sports Medicine
DOI 10.2165/11319760-000000000-00000
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Abstract

As women enter menopause, the concentration of estrogen and other female hormones declines. This hormonal decrease has been associated with a number of negative outcomes, including a greater incidence of injury as well as a delay in recovery from these injuries. Over the past two decades, our understanding of the protective effects of estrogen against various types of injury and disease states has grown immensely. In skeletal muscle, studies with animals have demonstrated that sex and estrogen may potentially influence muscle contractile properties and attenuate indices of post-exercise muscle damage, including the release of creatine kinase into the bloodstream and activity of the intramuscular lysosomal acid hydrolase, beta-glucuronidase. Furthermore, numerous studies have revealed an estrogen-mediated attenuation of infiltration of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and macrophages into the skeletal muscles of rats following exercise or injury. Estrogen has also been shown to play a significant role in stimulating muscle repair and regenerative processes, including the activation and proliferation of satellite cells. Although the mechanisms by which estrogen exerts its influence upon indices of skeletal muscle damage, inflammation and repair have not been fully elucidated, it is thought that estrogen may potentially exert its protective effects by: (i) acting as an antioxidant, thus limiting oxidative damage; (ii) acting as a membrane stabilizer by intercalating within membrane phospholipids; and (iii) binding to estrogen receptors, thus governing the regulation of a number of downstream genes and molecular targets. In contrast to animal studies, studies with humans have not as clearly delineated an effect of estrogen on muscle contractile function or on indices of post-exercise muscle damage and inflammation. These inconsistencies have been attributed to a number of factors, including age and fitness level of subjects, the type and intensity of exercise protocols, and a focus on sex differences that typically involve factors and hormones in addition to estrogen. In recent years, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or estrogen combined with exercise have been proposed as potentially therapeutic agents for postmenopausal women, as these agents may potentially limit muscle damage and inflammation and stimulate repair in this population. While the benefits and potential health risks of long-term HRT use have been widely debated, controlled studies using short-term HRT or other estrogen agonists may provide future new and valuable insights into understanding the effects of estrogen on skeletal muscle, and greatly benefit the aging female population. Recent studies with older females have begun to demonstrate their benefits.

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Crossref · 10.2165/11319760-000000000-00000

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172 of 172 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Citations

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Show all 171 references

Research works printed but not linked: 10

  1. Tiidus, 2009, J Appl Physiol, 106, 110
  2. Wattanapermpool, 1999, Am J Physiol, 277, H467
  3. Tiidus, 1999, Physiol Res, 48, 209
  4. Harman, 2003, Horm Res, 60, 121
  5. Feng, 2004, Acta Pharmacol Sin, 25, 1489
  6. Carter, 2001, Fiziol Cheloveka, 27, 133
  7. Subbiah, 1993, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 77, 1095
  8. Clarkson, 1992, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 24, 512
  9. Willoughby, 2006, J Sports Sci Med, 5, 672
  10. Wakeling, 1991, Cancer Res, 51, 3867

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Metadata

Authors
Enns, D. L., & Tiidus, P. M.
Affiliations
Wilfrid Laurier University (CA)
Corresponding author
Tiidus, Peter M.
ORCID
Tiidus, Peter M.
Venue
Sports Medicine
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2010-01
Volume
40
Issue
1
Pages
41-58
ISSN
0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2165/11319760-000000000-00000
OpenAlex
W1999417131
Cited by
374
References
171
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 11
FWCI
1.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Keywords
estrogen, skeletal muscle, menopause, creatine kinase, beta-glucuronidase, muscle inflammation, satellite cells, muscle repair, oxidative stress, estrogen receptor, hormone replacement therapy, sex differences, postmenopausal women, older women, physical activity
MeSH terms
Animals, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Male, Muscle Contraction, Sex Factors, Exercise, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Postmenopause, Muscle, Skeletal

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