Effect of Estrogen on Musculoskeletal Performance and Injury Risk

Chidi-Ogbolu, Nkechinyere; Baar, Keith

doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01834

Cited by 389Tendon Structure and TreatmentEstrogen and related hormone effectsSports Performance and Training

Effect of Estrogen on Musculoskeletal Performance and Injury Risk

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Chidi-Ogbolu, Nkechinyere, Baar, Keith·2019·Frontiers in Physiology

DOI 10.3389/fphys.2018.01834PMC PMC6341375

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Abstract

Estrogen has a dramatic effect on musculoskeletal function. Beyond the known relationship between estrogen and bone, it directly affects the structure and function of other musculoskeletal tissues such as muscle, tendon, and ligament. In these other musculoskeletal tissues, estrogen improves muscle mass and strength, and increases the collagen content of connective tissues. However, unlike bone and muscle where estrogen improves function, in tendons and ligaments estrogen decreases stiffness, and this directly affects performance and injury rates. High estrogen levels can decrease power and performance and make women more prone for catastrophic ligament injury. The goal of the current work is to review the research that forms the basis of our understanding how estrogen affects muscle, tendon, and ligament and how hormonal manipulation can be used to optimize performance and promote female participation in an active lifestyle at any age.

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Data examining nucleolar adaptation in female cohorts, particularly considering ovarian hormone fluctuations, remain scarce.
“Data specifically examining nucleolar adaptation in female cohorts, particularly considering the potential modulatory effects of fluctuations in ovarian hormones on mechanotransduction, remain scarce [213,214,215].”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [214]
The Estrogen and Muscle section (page unavailable) says more research is needed on whether monthly estrogen variations affect anabolic signaling. That supports a research gap concerning ovarian-hormone fluctuations and muscle responses, but the passage does not address nucleolar adaptation specifically. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Hansen, M., Skovgaard, D. C., Reitelseder, S., Holm, L., Langberg, H., & Kjær, M. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls007 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The influence of estradiol on muscle damage and leg strength after intense eccentric exercise
MINAHAN, C. L., Joyce, S., Bulmer, A. C., Cronin, N. J., & Sabapathy, S. (2015) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3133-9 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Anterior cruciate ligament elasticity and force for flexion during the menstrual cycle
Lee, H., PETROFSKY, J. S., Daher, N. S., Berk, L., Laymon, M., & Khowailed, I. A. (2013) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.889393 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Variations in varus/valgus and internal/external rotational knee laxity and stiffness across the menstrual cycle
Shultz, S. J., Schmitz, R. J., & Beynnon, B. D. (2010) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.21243 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Estrogen regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics: implications for prevention of Alzheimer's disease.
Yao, J., & Brinton, R. D. (2012) · PubMed · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394816-8.00010-6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A comparison of cyclic variations in anterior knee laxity, genu recurvatum, and general joint laxity across the menstrual cycle
Shultz, S. J., Levine, B. J., Nguyen, A., Kim, H., Montgomery, M. M., & Perrin, D. H. (2010) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.21145 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Effect of Estrogen on Ovine Anterior Cruciate Ligament Fibroblasts
Seneviratne, A. M., Attia, E. T., Williams, R. J., Rodeo, S. A., & Hannafin, J. A. (2004) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546503262179 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Regulation of Physiological and Metabolic Function of Muscle by Female Sex Steroids
Spangenburg, E. E., Geiger, P. C., Leinwand, L. A., & Lowe, D. A. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31825871fa · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Effect of administration of oral contraceptives on the synthesis and breakdown of myofibrillar proteins in young women
Hansen, M., Langberg, H., Holm, L., Miller, B. F., Petersen, S. G., Doessing, S., Skovgaard, D., Trappe, T., & Kjaer, M. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01002.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Oral contraceptive use and exercise-induced muscle damage and recovery
Savage, K. J., & Clarkson, P. M. (2002) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(02)00320-7 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Estrogen Receptor Expression in Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction: A Pilot Study
Bridgeman, J. T., Zhang, Y., Donahue, H. J., Wade, A. M., & Juliano, P. J. (2010) · Foot & Ankle International · doi:10.3113/fai.2010.1081 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Is the Use of Oral Contraceptives Associated With Operatively Treated Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury?
Rahr-Wagner, L., Thillemann, T. M., Mehnert, F., Pedersen, A. B., & Lind, M. (2014) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546514557240 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Experimental studies on connective tissue of the capsular ligament : influences of aging and sex hormones
濱, 弘. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Anterior cruciate ligament tear during the menstrual cycle in female recreational skiers
Lefèvre, N., Bohu, Y., Klouche, S., Lecocq, J., & Herman, S. (2013) · Orthopaedics & Traumatology Surgery & Research · doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2013.02.005 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Effects of Oral Contraceptive Use on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Epidemiology
Gray, A. M., Gugala, Z., & Baillargeon, J. (2015) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000806 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Effects of transdermal estrogen on collagen turnover at rest and in response to exercise in postmenopausal women
Pingel, J., Langberg, H., Skovgård, D., Koskinen, S., Flyvbjerg, A., Frystyk, J., Kjær, M., & Hansen, M. (2012) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01463.2011 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Combination of hormone replacement therapy and high physical activity is associated with differences in Achilles tendon size in monozygotic female twin pairs
Finni, T. J., Kovanen, V., Ronkainen, P. H. A., Pöllänen, E., Bashford, G. R., Kaprio, J. A., Alén, M., Kujala, U. M., & Sipilä, S. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91439.2008 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Estrogen enhances the bone regeneration potential of periodontal ligament stem cells derived from osteoporotic rats and seeded on nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen/poly(L-lactide)
Lingling, E., Xu, W., Feng, L., Liu, Y. F., CAI, D.-Q., Wen, N., & Zheng, W. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2016.2559 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Oestrogen regulates proliferation, osteoblastic differentiation, collagen synthesis and periostin gene expression in human periodontal ligament cells through oestrogen receptor beta
Mamalis, A. A., Markopoulou, C. E., Λαγού, Ά., & Vrotsos, I. A. (2010) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.11.001 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Effect of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator/Raloxifene Analogue on Proliferation and Collagen Metabolism of Tendon Fibroblast
Tooru, I., Takahata, M., Majima, T., Abe, Y., Komatsu, M., Iwasaki, N., & Minami, A. (2010) · Connective Tissue Research · doi:10.3109/03008200903204669 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cyclic Variations in Multiplanar Knee Laxity Influence Landing Biomechanics
Shultz, S. J., Schmitz, R. J., Kong, Y., Dudley, W. N., Beynnon, B. D., Nguyen, A., Kim, H., & Montgomery, M. M. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31823bfb25 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Changes in serum collagen markers, IGF‐I, and Knee joint laxity across the menstrual cycle
Shultz, S. J., Wideman, L., Montgomery, M. M., Beasley, K. N., & Nindl, B. C. (2012) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.22093 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Relationship of obesity-related disturbances with LH/FSH ratio among post-menopausal women in the United States
Beydoun, H. A., Beydoun, M. A., Wiggins, N., & Stadtmauer, L. (2011) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.10.010 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Power training and postmenopausal hormone therapy affect transcriptional control of specific co-regulated gene clusters in skeletal muscle
Pöllänen, E., Fey, V., Törmäkangas, T., Ronkainen, P. H. A., Taaffe, D. R., Takala, T., Koskinen, S., Cheng, S., Puolakka, J. O., Kujala, U. M., et al. (2010) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-010-9140-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The exercise‐induced biochemical milieu enhances collagen content and tensile strength of engineered ligaments
West, D. W. D., Lee‐Barthel, A., McIntyre, T., Shamim, B., Lee, C. A., & Baar, K. (2015) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp270737 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citation
Tensile forces attenuate estrogen-stimulated collagen synthesis in the ACL
Lee, C., Smith, C. S., Zhang, X., Hsu, H., Wang, D.-Y., & Luo, Z. (2004) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.174 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Dose-dependent regulation of cell proliferation and collagen degradation by estradiol on ligamentum flavum
Chen, M., Hu, C., Chen, Y.-S., Chen, Y.-S., Sun, J., & Chen, M. (2014) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-238 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Knee ligament behavior following a controlled loading protocol does not differ by menstrual cycle day
Carcia, C. R., Shultz, S. J., Granata, K. P., Gansneder, B. M., & Perrin, D. H. (2004) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2004.07.006 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The presence of the ovary prevents hepatic mitochondrial oxidative stress in young and aged female mice through glutathione peroxidase 1
Valencia, A. P., Schappal, A. E., Morris, E. M., Thyfault, J. P., Lowe, D. A., & Spangenburg, E. E. (2015) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2015.11.011 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Effects of Oestrogen Treatment on Skeletal Response to Exercise in the Hips and Spine in Postmenopausal Women: A Meta-Analysis
Zhao, R., Xu, Z., & Zhao, M. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0338-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The soy isoflavone genistein inhibits the reduction in A chilles tendon collagen content induced by ovariectomy in rats
Ramos, J. E., Al‐Nakkash, L., Peterson, A., Gump, B. S., Janjulia, T., Moore, M. S., Broderick, T. L., & Carroll, C. C. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01516.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Do Oral Contraceptives Alter Knee Ligament Damage with Heavy Exercise?
Lee, H., PETROFSKY, J. S., & Yim, J. (2015) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.237.51 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

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Sorted by citations

Musculoskeletal Injuries and United States Army Readiness Part I: Overview of Injuries and their Strategic Impact
Molloy, J. M., Pendergrass, T. L., Lee, I. E., Canham-Chervak, M., Hauret, K. G., & Rhon, D. I. (2020) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usaa027 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Reasons for and Consequences of Low Energy Availability in Female and Male Athletes: Social Environment, Adaptations, and Prevention
Wasserfurth, P., Palmowski, J., Hahn, A., & Krüger, K. (2020) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-020-00275-6 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“performance of women with low oestrogen potentially increases [132].”
Background
The regulation of adipose tissue health by estrogens
Steiner, B. M., & Berry, D. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.889923 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage
Hilton, E. N., & Lundberg, T. R. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01389-3 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Current evidence shows no influence of women's menstrual cycle phase on acute strength performance or adaptations to resistance exercise training
Colenso‐Semple, L. M., D’Souza, A. C., Elliott-Sale, K. J., & Phillips, S. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1054542 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Physiological Characteristics of Female Soccer Players and Health and Performance Considerations: A Narrative Review
Randell, R. K., Clifford, T., Drust, B., Moss, S. L., Unnithan, V. B., Croix, M. B. A. D. S., Datson, N., Martin, D., Mayho, H., Carter, J. M., et al. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01458-1 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Several studies have shown that ACL injuries occur more commonly prior to ovulation when oestrogen concentrations are highest [104–106], which is associated with increased ligament laxity [107].”
Background
Links Between Testosterone, Oestrogen, and the Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis and Resistance Exercise Muscle Adaptations
Gharahdaghi, N., Phillips, B. E., Szewczyk, N. J., Smith, K., Wilkinson, D. J., & Atherton, P. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.621226 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“Indeed, as with testosterone (and perhaps as a function of its metabolic regulation through testosterone), estrogen is believed to be important in the regulation of both muscle function (Chidi-Ogbolu and Baar, 2019) and hypertrophy in response to exercise—with rapid changes in systemic concentration occurring immediat…”
Background
Low back pain and osteoarthritis pain: a perspective of estrogen
Pang, H., Chen, S., Klyne, D. M., Harrich, D., Ding, W., Yang, S., & Han, F. Y. (2023) · Bone Research · doi:10.1038/s41413-023-00280-x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“11 In premenopausal women, estradiol levels are typically between 30 and 300 pg·mL − 1 , whereas in postmenopausal women, levels typically fall to between 0 and 40 pg·mL − 1 .”
Background
The musculoskeletal syndrome of menopause
Wright, V. J., Schwartzman, J. D., Itinoche, R., & Wittstein, J. R. (2024) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697137.2024.2380363 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“…form of estrogen, which impacts nearly all types of musculoskeletal tissue including bone, tendon, muscle, cartilage, ligament and adipose [10,11]. the fall in estradiol levels leads to five primary changes (table 1): an increase in inflammation, a decrease in bone mineral density leading to…”
Do Sex Differences in Physiology Confer a Female Advantage in Ultra-Endurance Sport?
Tiller, N. B., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Knechtle, B., Wilson, P. B., Roberts, J., & Millet, G. Y. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01417-2 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Estrogen signaling impacts temporomandibular joint and periodontal disease pathology
Robinson, J. L., Johnson, P. M., Kister, K., Yin, M. T., Chen, J., & Wadhwa, S. (2019) · Odontology · doi:10.1007/s10266-019-00439-1 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Injectable hydrogels: An emerging therapeutic strategy for cartilage regeneration
Atwal, A., Dale, T. P., Snow, M., Forsyth, N. R., & Davoodi, P. (2023) · Advances in Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.cis.2023.103030 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“This may result from changes in hormone levels during menstruation as well as menopause [28,29], differences in the biomechanics and musculo-skeletal system [30] and the increased incidence of obesity in women [31] contributing to this risk factor.”
Background
Sarcopenia and Diabetes: A Detrimental Liaison of Advancing Age
Lisco, G., Disoteo, O., Tullio, A. D., Geronimo, V. D., Giagulli, V. A., Monzani, F., Jirillo, E., Cozzi, R. C., Guastamacchia, E., Pergola, G. D., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16010063 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Unraveling female reproductive senescence to enhance healthy longevity
Dong, L., Teh, D. B. L., Kennedy, B. K., & Huang, Z. (2023) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/s41422-022-00718-7 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Estrogens and phytoestrogens in body functions
Ceccarelli, I., Bioletti, L., Peparini, S., Solomita, E., Ricci, C., Casini, I., Miceli, E., & Aloisi, A. M. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.007 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Injury Incidence Across the Menstrual Cycle in International Footballers
Martin, D., Timmins, K. A., Cowie, C., Alty, J., Mehta, R., Tang, A., & Varley, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.616999 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“The menstrual cycle has been theorized as a factor which couldmodify injury risk in female athletes, as cyclical fluctuations in reproductive hormones such as estrogen and progesterone can influence musculoskeletal tissues such as muscle, tendon, and ligament (Herzberg et al., 2017; Chidi-Ogbolu and Baar, 2019).”
BackgroundInfluential
Epidemiology of Patellar Tendinopathy in Athletes and the General Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Nutarelli, S., da Lodi, C. M. T., Cook, J. L., Deabate, L., & Filardo, G. (2023) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/23259671231173659 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“24 (10-23) Cassel(7) (2015) CS A (E) 16 sports 760 (318/442) 13 ± 1.”
South Asian Working Action Group on SARCOpenia (SWAG-SARCO) – A consensus document
Dhar, M., Kapoor, N., Suastika, K., Khamseh, M. E., Selim, S., Kumar, V., Raza, S. A., Azmat, U., Pathania, M., Mahadeb, Y., et al. (2022) · Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia · doi:10.1016/j.afos.2022.04.001 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Sensitivity of the fasciae to sex hormone levels: Modulation of collagen-I, collagen-III and fibrillin production
Fede, C., Pirri, C., Fan, C., Albertin, G., Porzionato, A., Macchi, V., De, R., & Stecco, C. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223195 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Estrogens have long been known as a regulating factor of metabolism in tissues such as bone, muscle, cartilage, tendon and ligament, affecting the musculoskeletal functions [1].”
Background
Physiological Rhythms and Biological Variation of Biomolecules: The Road to Personalized Laboratory Medicine
Coskun, A., Zarepour, A., & Zarrabi, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24076275 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Opposing gene regulatory programs governing myofiber development and maturation revealed at single nucleus resolution
Santos, M. D., Shah, A. M., Zhang, Y., Bezprozvannaya, S., Chen, K., Xu, L., Lin, W., McAnally, J., Bassel‐Duby, R., Liu, N., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40073-8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Female Menstrual Cycles Effect on Strength and Power Parameters in High-Level Female Team Athletes
Dasa, M. S., Kristoffersen, M., Ersvær, E., Bovim, L. P., Bjørkhaug, L., Moe‐Nilssen, R., Sagen, J. V., & Haukenes, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.600668 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Indeed, several studies have shown estradiol hormone replacement therapy to be beneficial in decreasing attenuation of muscle strength in peri and post-menopausal women, as summarized by Chidi-Ogbolu & Baar (Chidi-Ogbolu and Baar, 2019).”
Background
Pain-Related Post-Exertional Malaise in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review and Three-Level Meta-Analysis
Barhorst, E. E., Boruch, A. E., Cook, D. B., & Lindheimer, J. B. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnab308 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
CTRP3 exacerbates tendinopathy by dysregulating tendon stem cell differentiation and altering extracellular matrix composition
Cho, Y., Kim, H.-S., Kang, D., Kim, H.-S., Lee, N., Yun, J.-Y., Kim, Y.-J., Lee, K. M., Kim, J.-H., Kim, H.-R., et al. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg6069 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“A positive association of sex hormones such as estrogen with tendon healing has been reported (45).”
Background
Risk factors for degenerative, symptomatic rotator cuff tears: a case-control study
Song, A., Cannon, D., Kim, P. S.-H., Ayers, G. D., Gao, C., Giri, A., & Jain, N. B. (2021) · Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jse.2021.10.006 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Effects of the menstrual cycle phase on anterior cruciate ligament neuromuscular and biomechanical injury risk surrogates in eumenorrheic and naturally menstruating women: A systematic review
Dos’Santos, T., Stebbings, G. K., Morse, C. I., Shashidharan, M., Daniels, K., & Sanderson, A. J. R. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280800 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“The lack of differences in biomechanical ACL injury risk surrogates between ovulation and mid-luteal phases, speculatively, could be attributed to similar, high concentrations of oestrogen which may have comparable effects on ligament and tendon properties, neuromuscular control, and thus potential injury risk [67].”
Background
Beyond Menstrual Dysfunction: Does Altered Endocrine Function Caused by Problematic Low Energy Availability Impair Health and Sports Performance in Female Athletes?
Ihalainen, J. K., Mikkonen, R. S., Ackerman, K. E., Heikura, I. A., Mjøsund, K., Valtonen, M., & Hackney, A. C. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02065-6 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Estradiol plays a role in facilitating muscle tissue sensitivity to anabolic stimuli, regulating myofibrillar protein synthesis [59] and skeletal muscle hypertrophy [58, 76].”
Background
Resistance Training and Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism in Eumenorrheic Females: Implications for Researchers and Practitioners
Knowles, O. E., Aisbett, B., Main, L. C., Drinkwater, E. J., Orellana, L., & Lamon, S. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01132-7 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
More than a gut feeling: What is the role of the gastrointestinal tract in female athlete health?
Pugh, J. N., Lydon, K. M., O’Donovan, C. M., O’Sullivan, Ó., & Madigan, S. M. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1921853 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Conversely, high levels are associated with reduced power and performance, through the negative effect on connective tissue stiffness, which can also result in higher injury rates (Chidi-Ogbolu & Baar, 2019).”
Background
Sex differences in absolute and relative changes in muscle size following resistance training in healthy adults: a systematic review with Bayesian meta-analysis
Refalo, M. C., Nuckols, G., Galpin, A. J., Gallagher, I. J., Hamilton, D. L., & Fyfe, J. J. (2025) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.19042 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Unraveling sex-specific risks of knee osteoarthritis before menopause: Do sex differences start early in life?
Hernández, P., Bradford, J. C., Brahmachary, P. P., Ulman, S. M., Robinson, J. L., June, R. K., & Cucchiarini, M. (2024) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2024.04.015 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“35 Testosterone increases muscle strength in males, 36,37 while estrogen increases bone density and muscle strength in females, 38,39 although conflicting evidence on the effect of estrogen in muscle also exist.”
Sports Obstetrics: Implications of Pregnancy in Elite Sportswomen, a Narrative Review
L’Heveder, A., Chan, M. F., Mitra, A., Kasaven, L. S., Saso, S., Prior, T., Pollock, N., Dooley, M., Joash, K., & Jones, B. P. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11174977 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Perioperative Essential Amino Acid Supplementation Facilitates Quadriceps Muscle Strength and Volume Recovery After TKA
Ueyama, H., Kanemoto, N., Minoda, Y., Taniguchi, Y., & Nakamura, H. (2023) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.22.00675 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Injury Incidence, Severity, and Type Across the Menstrual Cycle in Female Footballers: A Prospective Three Season Cohort Study
BARLOW, A., Blodgett, J. M., Williams, S., Pedlar, C. R., & Bruinvels, G. (2024) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003391 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“There are a number of potential hypotheses for this, including an increased ACL laxity in response to high levels of estrogen (5).”
Influential
Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Jumping, Sprinting and Force-Velocity Profiling in Resistance-Trained Women: A Preliminary Study
García‐Pinillos, F., Bujalance-Moreno, P., Lago‐Fuentes, C., Ruiz‐Alias, S. A., Azpíroz, I. D., Mecías‐Calvo, M., & Ramírez‐Campillo, R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094830 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“However, as previously indicated, the authors of these studies only compared the follicular phase with the luteal phase, dismissing the bleeding phase, one of the most important physiological moments of the MC due to the lower concentrations of estrogen and progesterone [8,9].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Up for the tackle? The pelvic floor and rugby. A review
Donnelly, G., Bø, K., Forner, L. B., Rankin, A. T., & Moore, I. S. (2024) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.12121 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Attentional, anticipatory and spatial cognition fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle: Potential implications for female sport
Ronca, F., Blodgett, J. M., Bruinvels, G., Lowery, M., Raviraj, M., Sandhar, G., Symeonides, N., Jones, C., Loosemore, M., & Burgess, P. W. (2024) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108909 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
In-Season Microcycle Quantification of Professional Women Soccer Players—External, Internal and Wellness Measures
Fernandes, R., Ceylan, H. İ., Clemente, F. M., Brito, J. P., Martins, A. D., Nobarı, H., Reis, V. M., & Oliveira, R. F. S. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10040695 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Research progress on the correlation between estrogen and estrogen receptor on postmenopausal sarcopenia
Zhang, C., Feng, X., Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Kong, J., & Lou, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1494972 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“It can improve mitochondrial bioenergetics by reducing membrane microviscosity and enhancing the ef ﬁ ciency of energy production (16, 20).”
Influential
Shatavari Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women Improves Handgrip Strength and Increases Vastus lateralis Myosin Regulatory Light Chain Phosphorylation but Does Not Alter Markers of Bone Turnover
O’Leary, M. F., Jackman, S. R., Sabou, V. R., Campbell, M. I., TANG, J. C. Y., Dutton, J. J., & Bowtell, J. L. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124282 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“response to exercise over the longer term (for an excellent review see [42].”
Background
Call to action: a collaborative framework to better support female rugby league players
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Sex disparities of human neuromuscular decline in older humans
Guo, Y., Jones, E. J., Smart, T., Altheyab, A., Gamage, N. N., Stashuk, D. W., Piasecki, J., Phillips, B. E., Atherton, P. J., & Piasecki, M. (2024) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp285653 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sex and occupation are salient factors associated with lateral ankle sprain risk in military tactical athletes
Fraser, J. J., MacGregor, A. J., Ryans, C. P., Dreyer, M. A., Gibboney, M. D., & Rhon, D. I. (2021) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2021.02.016 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Menstrual Function, Eating Disorders, Low Energy Availability, and Musculoskeletal Injuries in British Servicewomen
O’LEARY, T. J., COOMBS, C. V., PERRETT, C., DOUBLE, R. L., KEAY, N., WARDLE, S. L., & GREEVES, J. P. (2023) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003154 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Effect of Sex Hormones on Joint Ligament Properties: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Gilmer, G. G., Crasta, N., & Tanaka, M. J. (2025) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/03635465241310145 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“13 These effects are thought to be improved by progesterone as well.”
Insights in the Effect of Fluctuating Female Hormones on Injury Risk—Challenge and Chance
Legerlotz, K., & Nobis, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.827726 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Burden of knee osteoarthritis in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): an epidemiological analysis from 1990 to 2019
Hoveidaei, A. H., Nakhostin-Ansari, A., Chalian, M., Roshanshad, A., Khonji, M. S., Mashhadiagha, A., Pooyan, A., & Çıtak, M. (2023) · Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00402-023-04852-8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Anatomical properties [33], hormonal status [7, 21], and prevalence of obesity (18% women vs.”
Background
3D Deformation Patterns of S Shaped Elastic Rods as a Pathogenesis Model for Spinal Deformity in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Pasha, S. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53068-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Follicular phase of menstrual cycle is related to higher tendency to suffer from severe injuries among elite female futsal players
Lago‐Fuentes, C., Padrón-Cabo, A., Villarino, M. Á. F., Mecías‐Calvo, M., Muñoz‐Pérez, I., García‐Pinillos, F., & Rey, E. (2021) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.08.008 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effects of menstrual cycle phases on athletic performance and related physiological outcomes: a systematic review of studies using high methodological standards
Schlie, J., Krassowski, V., & Schmidt, A. (2025) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00223.2025 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Considerations for Sex-Cognizant Research in Exercise Biology and Medicine
O’Bryan, S. M., Connor, K. R., Drummer, D. J., Lavin, K. M., & Bamman, M. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.903992 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Males and females exhibit differences in muscle, tendon, and ligament injuries (Chidi-Ogbolu and Baar, 2019).”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of oral contraceptive use on female sexual salivary hormones and indirect markers of muscle damage following eccentric cycling in women
Mackay, K., Gonzalez, C., Zbinden-Foncea, H., & Peñailillo, L. E. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04254-y · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Where Are All the Female Participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine Research? A Decade Later
Ose, B. M., Eisenhauer, J., Roepe, I. G., Herda, A. A., Vopat, B. G., & Vopat, L. (2025) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/03635465241278350 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“6,11,12,15,18,26 A meta-analysis on the effect of the menstrual cycle and contraceptives on ACL injuries and laxity found an increased laxity during the ovulatory phase and that oral contraceptive use may provide a 20% reduction in risk of injury.”
Mechanical properties of native and decellularized reproductive tissues: insights for tissue engineering strategies
Franko, R., Franko, Y., Martínez, E. R., Ferronato, G. A., Heinzelmann, I., Grechi, N., Devkota, S., Fontes, P. K., Coeti, R. Z., Oshiro, T. S. I., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57867-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Fatigue Increases Dynamic Knee Valgus in Youth Athletes: Results From a Field‐Based Drop‐Jump Test
Fidai, M. S., Okoroha, K. R., Meldau, J. E., Meta, F., Lizzio, V. A., Borowsky, P. A., Redler, L. H., Moutzouros, V., & Makhni, E. C. (2019) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.07.018 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Testosterone replacement therapy is associated with increased odds of Achilles tendon injury and subsequent surgery: a matched retrospective analysis
Albright, J. A., Lou, M. Y., Rebello, E., Ge, J., Testa, E. J., Daniels, A. H., & Arcand, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Foot and Ankle Research · doi:10.1186/s13047-023-00678-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…further understanding of the interplay between testosterone and estrogen in maintaining tendon health and as the effects of estrogen on tendon size, stiffness, and collagen content are still debated, this interconnection is likely multifaceted and remains a topic for additional research [36–38].”
Evolution of resistance training in women: History and mechanisms for health and performance
Kraemer, W. J., Fragala, M. S., & Ratamess, N. A. (2025) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.005 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bidirectional Interactions between the Menstrual Cycle, Exercise Training, and Macronutrient Intake in Women: A Review
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“In some cases, hormonal secretion can vary from 10- to 100-fold during the MC [47].”
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Evidence of a causal effect of genetic tendency to gain muscle mass on uterine leiomyomata
Sliz, E., Tyrmi, J. S., Rahmioğlu, N., Zondervan, K. T., Becker, C. M., FinnGen, Palotie, A. V., Daly, M. J., Riley-Gills, B., Jacob, H. J., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-35974-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
On growth and scoliosis
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Influence of Second Generation Oral Contraceptive Use on Adaptations to Resistance Training in Young Untrained Women
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“If use of OC is associated with greater tendon stiffness, the tendon will transfer force more efficiently in the muscletendon complex (5) and thereby enhance power.”
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Mechanical properties of human patellar tendon collagen fibrils. An exploratory study of aging and sex
Svensson, R. B., Eriksen, C. S., Tran, P., Kjær, M., & Magnusson, S. P. (2021) · Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104864 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bidirectional associations between treatment-resistant depression and general medical conditions
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The bone-vascular axis: the link between osteoporosis and vascular calcification
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Health-Related Quality of Life, Sexuality and Hormone Status after Laparoscopic Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass in Women
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Sexual dimorphisms in skeletal muscle: current concepts and research horizons
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Evaluation the Impact of Hormonal Fluctuations During the Menstrual Cycle on the Performance of Female Athletes—Systematic Review
Elorduy-Terrado, A., Torres‐Luque, G., Radesca, K., Andradas, G. M., Saenz-Bravo, M., & Domínguez-Balmaseda, D. (2025) · Muscles · doi:10.3390/muscles4020015 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In sports such as soccer, 88% of muscular and tendinous injuries occur during ovulation, likely due to elevated levels of estrogen and relaxin, which increase the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries [13,14].”
The functional and molecular effects of problematic alcohol consumption on skeletal muscle: a focus on athletic performance
Cáceres-Ayala, C., Pautassi, R. M., Acuña, M. J., Cerpa, W. F., & Rebolledo, D. L. (2022) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2022.2041025 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Body composition of women with and without dynapenia defined by different cut-off points
dos Santos, L., Miranda, C. G. M., de Souza, T. C. B., Brito, T. A., Fernandes, M. H., & Carneiro, J. A. O. (2021) · Revista de Nutrição · doi:10.1590/1678-9865202134e200084 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Urolithins: The Colon Microbiota Metabolites as Endocrine Modulators: Prospects and Perspectives
Vini, R., Azeez, J. M., Remadevi, V., Susmi, T. R., Ayswarya, R. S., Sujatha, A. S., Parvathy, M., Lathika, L. M., & Sreeja, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.800990 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, it must be noted that these benefits come at the cost of a decreased connective tissue stiffness (104).”
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Tendinopathy: sex bias starts from the preclinical development of tendon treatments. A systematic review
da Lodi, C. M. T., Salerno, M., Merli, G., Brama, P. A. J., Jenner, F., & Filardo, G. (2022) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-022-00453-z · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“In women, estrogen receptors (ER) have been localized in both ligaments and tendons, and an increase of estrogen concentration has been linked to a decreased collagen synthesis and a lower tendon stiffness [8, 27, 28].”
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Sex differences and athletic performance. Where do trans individuals fit into sports and athletics based on current research?
Oberlin, D. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1224476 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Testosterone is known as an anabolic and androgenic hormone while estrogen is more commonly associated with soft tissue and bone health (36, 97, 98).”
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Effects of the menstrual cycle on the performance of female football players. A systematic review
Hamed‐Hamed, D., González-Muñoz, A., Cuevas-Cervera, M., Pérez‐Montilla, J. J., Aguilar-Núñez, D., Aguilar-García, M., Pruimboom, L., & Ledesma, S. N. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1359953 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: A Stress-Based Disease
Podfigurna, A., & Męczekalski, B. (2021) · Endocrines · doi:10.3390/endocrines2030020 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Additionally, estrogens directly affects the structure and function of musculoskeletal tissues such as muscle, tendon, and ligament [27,28].”
Background
The association of dietary acid load (DAL) with estimated skeletal muscle mass and bone mineral content: a cross-sectional study
Gholami, F., Bahrampour, N., Samadi, M., Rasaei, N., Yarizadeh, H., Naghshi, S., & Mirzaei, K. (2023) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-022-00658-w · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Severe Foot Injuries in US Collegiate Athletes
Chan, J. J., Geller, J. S., Chen, K. K., Huang, H.-H., Huntley, S. R., Vulcano, E., & Aiyer, A. A. (2021) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/23259671211001131 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“One consideration is the effect of estrogen on athletes, with studies showing that estrogen levels may affect performance and IRs, specifically placing women at increased risk for ligament injury.(3) While women may be at increased risk for ligamentous injuries as a result of higher estrogen levels, the majority of in…”
Background
Evolution, Morality and the Fabric of Society
Thompson, R. P. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108680752 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mortality, falls and slow walking speed are predicted by different muscle strength and physical performance measures in women and men
Zanker, J., Scott, D. S., Alajlouni, D. A., Kirk, B., Bird, S., Debruin, D. A., Vogrin, S., Bliuc, D., Tran, T. S., Cawthon, P. M., et al. (2023) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2023.105084 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Ovarian Cancer-Associated Cachexia
Callaway, C. S., Mouchantat, L. M., Bitler, B. G., & Bonetto, A. (2023) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqad176 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mechanisms Underlying Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Cancer Properties of Stretching—A Review
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Early natural menopause is associated with poor lung health and increased mortality among female smokers
Zhai, T., Diergaarde, B. B., Wilson, D. O., Kang, H., Sood, A., Bayliss, S. H., Yuan, J., Picchi, M. A., Qing Lan, B., Belinsky, S. A., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.07.031 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Postural sway is not affected by estrogen fluctuations during the menstrual cycle
Reschechtko, S., Nguyen, T. N., Tsang, M., Giltvedt, K., Kern, M., & Hooshmand, S. (2023) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.15693 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…to its wide-ranging effects on bone (Cutler, 1997; Kalervo Väänänen & Härkönen, 1996; Riggs, 2000), estrogen plays a role in the formation, maintenance, and function of muscle, connective tissue, and neural tissue (Chidi-Ogbolu & Baar, 2019; Cui et al., 2013; Hansen, 2018; Leblanc et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResult
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Toward the Menstrual Cycle and Menstruation Among Elite African Women Football Players, Coaches, Health Personnel, and Referees
Mkumbuzi, N. S., Dlamini, S. B., Serner, A., Kryger, K. O., Brown, N., Larsen, B., & Chibhabha, F. (2023) · Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal · doi:10.1123/wspaj.2023-0024 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Aster-B–dependent estradiol synthesis protects female mice from diet-induced obesity
Xu, X., Kennelly, J. P., Feng, A., Cheng, L., Romartínez-Alonso, B., Bedard, A. H., Gao, Y., Cui, L., Young, S. G., Schwabe, J. W. R., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci173002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tracheostomy in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With SARS-CoV-2-ARDS: Focus on Tracheomalacia
Guarnieri, M., Andreoni, P., Gay, H., Giudici, R., Bottiroli, M., Mondino, M. G., Casella, G., Chiara, O., Morelli, O. H., Conforti, S., et al. (2021) · Respiratory Care · doi:10.4187/respcare.09063 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Similarly, ICU and hospital length of stay were significantly longer in these subjects (29 [24–41] d vs 14 [8–26], P ¼ .006 and 55 [35–90] d vs 25 [13–43], P ¼ .002, respectively).”
Anthropometric indicators as predictors of dynapenia in postmenopausal women
dos Santos, L., Miranda, C. G. M., Silva, I. E. S. E., Santos, P. H. S., Brito, T. A., Fernandes, M. H., & Carneiro, J. A. O. (2022) · Motriz Revista de Educação Física · doi:10.1590/s1980-657420220001522 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Estrogen and alcohol use in women: a targeted literature review
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The Association Between Menstrual Cycle Phase, Menstrual Irregularities, Contraceptive Use and Musculoskeletal Injury Among Female Athletes: A Scoping Review
MacMillan, C., Olivier, B., Viljoen, C. T., van Rensburg, D. C. J., & Sewry, N. A. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02074-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“A normal MCP consists of the follicular phase that precedes ovulation, followed by the luteal phase [10–12].”
Background
From population-based to personalized laboratory medicine: continuous monitoring of individual laboratory data with wearable biosensors
Coşkun, A., Savaş, İ. N., Can, O., & Lippi, G. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.1080/10408363.2025.2453152 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Monitoring the variation patterns of specific biomolecules provides valuable information about the effects of treatment, disease prognosis, and the health status of individuals [21].”
Stiffness in Running: A Narrative Integrative Review
Jaén‐Carrillo, D., Roche-Seruendo, L. E., Felton, L., Cartón-Llorente, A., & García‐Pinillos, F. (2020) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000593 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“There occurs natural variation in estrogen secretion between young women, increasing 10to 100-fold over the menstrual cycle (21).”
Background
The Rise of the Female Warfighter: Physiology, Performance, and Future Directions
Giersch, G. E. W., Charkoudian, N., & McClung, H. L. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002840 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Physical Fitness and Exercise Performance of Transgender Women
Saitong, A., Naeowong, W., Suksom, D., & Tanaka, H. (2024) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003536 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“We reasoned that because gender-affirming hormone therapy including antiandrogen therapy has been associated with a number of side effects (11,32), it might have some unknown effects on physical fitness.”
Age, sex, and frailty modify the expression of common reference genes in skeletal muscle from ageing mice
Mishra, M. K., Kane, A. E., Young, A. P., & Howlett, S. E. (2022) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2022.111762 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The mechanisms involved in these male-female differences are not yet established, although both estrogens and androgens are clearly implicated in skeletal muscle homeostasis (Anderson et al., 2017; Chidi-Ogbolu and Baar, 2018).”
Background
Gender data gap in military research: a review of the participation of men and women in military musculoskeletal injury studies
O’Leary, T. J., Young, C. D., Wardle, S. L., & Greeves, J. P. (2022) · BMJ Military Health · doi:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2021-002015 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effects of Hormonal Contraception and the Menstrual Cycle on Maximal Strength and Power Performance
Cabre, H. E., Joniak, K. E., Ladan, A. N., Moore, S. R., Blue, M. N. M., Pietrosimone, B. G., Cortés, Y. I., Hackney, A. C., & Smith‐Ryan, A. E. (2024) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003524 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Fluctuations in female sex hormones may alter force production, which is essential for maximal strength (9,35).”
Effect of menstrual cycle phase, menstrual irregularities and hormonal contraceptive use on anterior knee laxity and non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury occurrence in women: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Nédélec, E., Foli, E., Shultz, S. J., Swinton, P. A., Dolan, E., Enright, K. J., Piasecki, J., Matthews, J. J., Sale, C., & Elliott-Sale, K. J. (2021) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001170 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“15 In the last two decades, many studies have shown that anterior knee (AK) laxity 16 and the rate of non-contact ACL injuries 17 change during different phases of the menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic women, although the findings from studies in this area are inconsistent.”
Estrogen modulates the skeletal muscle regeneration process and myotube morphogenesis: morphological analysis in mice with a low estrogen status
Chaiyasing, R., Sugiura, A., Ishikawa, T., Ojima, K., Warita, K., & Hosaka, Y. Z. (2021) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Science · doi:10.1292/jvms.21-0495 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Identification of potential risk factors for lower limb injuries in female team-sport athletes: a prospective cohort study
Almousa, S., Mullen, R., Williams, M. D., Bourne, M. N., & Williams, M. D. (2023) · Science and Medicine in Football · doi:10.1080/24733938.2023.2181386 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“It has been suggested that hormonal contraceptives might alter regular hormone level fluctuations, which may in turn affect musculoskeletal function (Chidi-Ogbolu and Baar 2019; Thompson et al. 2021).”
Background
20-Hydroxyecdysone activates the protective arm of the renin angiotensin system via Mas receptor
Lafont, R., Raynal, S., Serova, M., Didry-Barca, B., Guibout, L., Latil, M., Dilda, P. J., Dioh, W., & Veillet, S. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.04.08.032607 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
An estrogen-sensitive fibroblast population drives abdominal muscle fibrosis in an inguinal hernia mouse model
Potluri, T., Taylor, M. J., Stulberg, J. J., Lieber, R. L., Zhao, H., & Bulun, S. E. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.152011 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“These effects were reported to be primarily protective and anabolic in peripheral (extremity-associat-ed) skeletal muscles in both women and female mice (10–12), but little research on estrogen effects has focused on males or abdominal muscles.”

The Effects of Hormonal Manipulation on Ligament Function
Chidi-Ogbolu, N. (2022) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Self-citation
ESTROGEN FLUCTUATIONS IN FEMALES INFLUENCE THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE HUMAN ACHILLES TENDON IN VIVO
Hohmann, E., Bryant, A. L., Clarke, R. C., Bennell, K. L., Payne, C., & Murphy, A. J. (2012) · Orthopaedic Proceedings · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Analysis of potential effects of estrogen on ligament stiffness and resulting injury prediction metrics
Roberts, C. W., Forman, J. L., & Kerrigan, J. R. (2019)
The effect of estrogen on tendon and ligament metabolism and function
LeBlanc, D., Schneider, M., Angele, P., Vollmer, G., & Docheva, D. (2017) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.06.008 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Estrogen Alters The Mechanical Behaviour Of The Human Achilles Tendon in vivo
Bryant, A. L., Clark, R. A., Bartold, S., Murphy, A. J., Hohmann, E., Bennell, K. L., Marshall‐Gradisnik, S., & Payne, C. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000321800.55628.18 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Authors: Chidi-Ogbolu, N., & Baar, K.
Affiliations: University of California, Davis (US)
Corresponding author: Baar, Keith
ORCID: Baar, Keith
Venue: Frontiers in Physiology
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2019-01-15
Volume: 9
Pages: 1834-1834
ISSN: 1664-042X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01834
PMC: PMC6341375
OpenAlex: W2910315919
Cited by: 389
References: 113
Citations by year: 2026: 74 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 10 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 5.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Frontiers in Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Aging (R01AG045375)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Tendon Structure and Treatment
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords: estrogen, musculoskeletal function, muscle strength, muscle mass, tendon stiffness, ligament injury, collagen, hormonal manipulation, female athletes, athletic performance

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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Effect of Estrogen on Musculoskeletal Performance and Injury Risk

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