Psychosocial impacts of the lack of access to water and sanitation in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review
Abstract
The lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation has implications for the psychosocial well-being of individuals and households. To review the literature on psychosocial impacts, we completed a scoping review of the published literature using Medline, Embase, and Scopus. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed in detail. Of the included studies, six were conducted in India, one in Nepal, one in Mexico, one in Bolivia, two in Ethiopia, one in Zimbabwe, one in South Africa, and two in Kenya. Four interrelated groups of stressors emerged from the review: physical stressors, financial stressors, social stressors, and stressors related to (perceived) inequities. Further, gender differences were observed, with women carrying a disproportionate psychosocial burden. We argue that failure to incorporate psychosocial stressors when estimating the burden or benefits of safe water and sanitation may mask an important driver of health and well-being for many households in low- and middle-income countries. We propose further research on water-related stressors with particular attention to unique cultural norms around water and sanitation, short and long term psychosocial outcomes, and individual and collective coping strategies. These may help practitioners better understand cumulative impacts and mechanisms for addressing water and sanitation challenges.
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Participant narratives align with descriptions of WASH-related physical stressors, social stressors, and stressors linked with perceived inequities alongside coping.
“Participant narratives also align with descriptions of WASH-related physical stressors (long distance walking to a water source, insuf fi cient water), social stressors (fear and experiences of sexual assault), and stressors linked with perceived inequities”
From Water insecurity and sexual and gender-based violence among refugee youth: qualitative insights from a humanitarian setting in Uganda (2022) · cites this paper as Bisung & Elliott 2017
WASH-GBV stressors are well articulated in non-humanitarian contexts.
“While WASH-GBV stressors are well articulated in non-humanitarian contexts (Bisung & Elliott 2017; Pouramin et al . 2020; Wutich 2020; Nunbogu & Elliott 2022)”
From Water insecurity and sexual and gender-based violence among refugee youth: qualitative insights from a humanitarian setting in Uganda (2022) · cites this paper as Bisung & Elliott 2017
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- Authors
- Bisung, E., & Elliott, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Bisung, Elijah
- Venue
- Journal of Water and Health
- Publisher
- IWA Publishing
- Published
- 2016-11-10
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-30
- ISSN
- 1477-8920 (ISSN-L)
- 1996-7829
- OpenAlex
- W2557196844
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Water and Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Waterloo
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Water Governance and Infrastructure
- Keywords
- water and sanitation, psychosocial well-being, low- and middle-income countries, financial stressors, social stressors, perceived inequity, gender differences, women's burden, coping strategies, household welfare
- MeSH terms
- Developing Countries, Humans, Hygiene, Psychology, Sanitation, Water Supply
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