Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes - Role of the Adipokines
Abstract
The role of adipocytes as protein secreting cells has been known for almost 15 years. Most of these proteins have known biological activity and are called adipokines. However, only a few of the adipokines have been shown to regulate insulin sensitivity. The latter effects are direct or indirect. The adipokines regulating insulin sensitivity are tumor necrosis factor alpha, adiponectin, interleukin-6, resistin and leptin. This review examines the mechanism how these adipokines influence insulin sensitivity, how the adipocyte production of the adipokines is regulated and if genetic variance in the genes encoding for adipokines is important for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Keywords: adipose tissue, endothelial cells, tumor necrosis factor alpha, glucose metabolism, gi protein, lipolytic, interleukin, glucocorticoids, inflammatory genes, single nucleotide polymorphisms
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BackgroundInfluentialMicroRNA Transcriptomes Relate Intermuscular Adipose Tissue to Metabolic Risk
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“Under normal conditions, adipokines are controlled by numerous factors, such as fat mass, diet and gender.(11) In abdominally obese individuals, however, levels of adipokines appear to be dysregulated.”
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Hexarelin Signaling to PPARγ in Metabolic Diseases
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“Adipokines, such as adiponectin and leptin which exhibit insulin-sensitizing effects, or resistin, tumor necrosis factor α(TNFα), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) which act as insulin resistance factors, all share autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine activity that regulates insulin sensitivity, therefore, establishing a role fo…”
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“In this study, IL-6 was not significantly high; however, others have reported that it increases IR by increasing free fatty acid levels in blood [30] and partly induces IR by stimulating the degradation of body fat, interrupting glucose metabolism, and decreasing the adiponectin [31].”
Background
- Authors
- Arner, P.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Arner, P.
- ORCID
- Arner, P.
- Venue
- Current Molecular Medicine
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2005-05-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 333-339
- ISSN
- 1566-5240 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2006828160
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 16.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Molecular Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Keywords
- insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, adipokines, adipocytes, TNF-α, adiponectin, interleukin-6, resistin, leptin, adipose tissue, insulin sensitivity, genetic polymorphism, glucose metabolism, inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Hormones, Ectopic, Humans, Inflammation, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Models, Biological, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Genetic Variation, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Adipocytes, Leptin, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Adiponectin, Resistin, Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase
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