What Media Helps, What Media Hurts: A Mixed Methods Survey Study of Coping with COVID-19 Using the Media Repertoire Framework and the Appraisal Theory of Stress
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Social and physical distancing in response to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has made screen-mediated information and communication technologies (media) indispensable. Whether an increase in screen use is a source of or a relief for stress remains to be seen. OBJECTIVE In the immediate aftermath of the COVID-19 lockdowns, we investigated the relation between subjective stress and changes in the pattern of media use. Based on Lazarus’s transactional model of appraisal and coping, and building on an earlier similar survey, we hypothesize that individual differences in the appraisal of media predict variations in approach or avoidance of media for coping with COVID-19 stress. METHODS Between March 20 and April 20, 2020, a brief snowball survey entitled: “What media helps, what media hurts: coping with COVID19 through screens” was distributed via Concordia University’s mailing lists and social media (PERFORM Centre, EngAGE Centre, and Media Health Lab). Using a media repertoire method, we asked questions about preferences, changes in use, and personal appraisal of media experiences (approach, avoid, and ignore) as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and investigated interindividual differences in media use by factors such as subjective stress, age, gender, and self-reported mental health. RESULTS More than 90% of the survey respondents were in Canada and the east coast of the United States. From 685 completed responses, 169 respondents were “very stressed” and 452 were “slightly worried” about the pandemic. COVID-19 stress led to increased use of Facebook (χ23=11.76, P=.008), television (χ23=12.40, P=.006), YouTube (χ23=8.577, P=.04), and streaming services such as Netflix (χ23=10.71, P=.01). Respondents who considered their mental health “not good” were twice as likely to prefer streaming services as a coping tool for self-isolation. Women and nonbinary respondents were twice as likely than men to pick social media for coping. Individuals younger than 35 years were 3 times more likely to pick computer games, and individuals older than 55 years were more likely to pick network television or print media. Gender affected the appraisal of media (less in men than others) in terms of avoid (F1,637=5.84, P=.02) and approach scores (F1,637=14.31, P<.001). Subjective mental health affected the ignore score (less in those who said “good” than others; F1,637=13.88, P<.001). The appraisal score and use increase explained variations in worrying about physical and mental health stress due to increased screen time. A qualitative analysis of open-ended questions revealed that media (especially social networks) were important for coping if they provided support and connection through the dissemination of factual and positive information while avoiding the overflow of sensational and false news. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between appraisal of media’s positive and negative facets vary with demographic differences in mental health resiliency. The media repertoire approach is an important tool in studies that focus on assessing the benefits and harms of screen overuse in different populations, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Stress during the COVID-19 pandemic led to an increased use of social media, television, YouTube, and streaming services.
“Stress during the COVID-19 pandemic led to an increased use of social media, television, YouTube, and streaming services.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [98]
A survey of 685 respondents found that those who reported their mental health as "not good" were more likely to use streaming services as a coping mechanism.
“A survey of 685 respondents found that those who reported their mental health as “not good” were more likely to use streaming services as a coping mechanism.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [98]
A cross-sectional study of 400 community dwellers in suburban Delhi revealed that many individuals used mobile phones, television, and social networking sites as stress busters.
“A cross-sectional study of 400 community dwellers in suburban Delhi revealed that many individuals used mobile phones, television, and social networking sites as stress busters, highlighting the potential for media to serve as both a stress reliever and stressor.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [98]
This media-induced feedback loop of increasing stress affects hundreds of millions globally through the pervasive reach of mass media.
“This phenomenon, perpetuated on a massive scale, affects hundreds of millions globally through the pervasive reach of mass media [97,98,99].”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [98]
Increased stress was linked to more hedonic and escapist media use, suggesting that media consumption can become a maladaptive coping strategy.
“Increased stress was linked to more hedonic and escapist media use, suggesting that media consumption can become a maladaptive coping strategy.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [98]
High levels of doomscrolling are associated with decreased mindfulness and increased secondary traumatic stress.
“High levels of doomscrolling—the obsessive consumption of negative news—are associated with decreased mindfulness and increased secondary traumatic stress, while social media can alleviate stress by providing factual and positive information.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [98]
Social media can alleviate stress by providing factual and positive information.
“High levels of doomscrolling—the obsessive consumption of negative news—are associated with decreased mindfulness and increased secondary traumatic stress, while social media can alleviate stress by providing factual and positive information.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [98]
A study involving 685 participants indicated that the media, especially social networks, can provide support and connection through the dissemination of factual and positive information.
“A study involving 685 participants indicated that the media, especially social networks, can provide support and connection through the dissemination of factual and positive information.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [98]
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- Authors
- Pahayahay, A., & Khalili-Mahani, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Internet Research
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2020-08-06
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e20186
- ISSN
- 1438-8871 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7419155
- OpenAlex
- W3044753138
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 9.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Internet Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Concordia University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- media repertoires, COVID-19 pandemic, stress coping, media use, social media, streaming services, television, video games, gender differences, age differences, mental health, self-isolation, lockdown, media avoidance, screen use, information seeking
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Screen Time, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Mass Media, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Pneumonia, Viral, Surveys and Questionnaires, Television, Exercise, Coronavirus Infections, Video Games, Young Adult, Pandemics, Social Networking, Social Media, Geographic Mapping
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