The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Some Empirical Aspects of Multi-sided Platform Industries
Open accessAbstract
Multi-sided platform markets have two or more different groups of customers that businesses have to get and keep on board to succeed. These industries range from dating clubs (men and women), to video game consoles (game developers and users), to payment cards (cardholders and merchants), to operating system software (application developers and users). They include some of the most important industries in the economy. A survey of businesses in these industries shows that multi-sided platform businesses devise entry strategies to get multiple sides of the market on board and devise pricing, product, and other competitive strategies to keep multiple customer groups on a common platform that internalizes externalities across members of these groups.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Multisided platforms facilitate transactions of more than two groups of users (Evans, 2003).”
From Digital platform ecosystems in flux: From proprietary digital platforms to wide-spanning ecosystems (2023) · cites this paper as Evans, 2003
Citations
Cites
Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Events
Arthur, W. B. (1989) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2234208 · Cited by 7,489
Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets
Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2003) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1162/154247603322493212 · Cited by 5,642
Competition in two-sided markets
Armstrong, M. (2006) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00037.x · Cited by 3,315
Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure
Baumöl, W. J., Bailey, E. E., Panzar, J. C., & Willig, R. D. (1982) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,271
Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure
Perrakis, S., Baumöl, W. J., Panzar, J. C., & Willig, R. D. (1982) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.2307/134928 · Cited by 2,330
The Concept of Monopoly and the Measurement of Monopoly Power
Lerner, A. P. (1934) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.2307/2967480 · Cited by 1,249
The Concept of Monopoly and the Measurement of Monopoly Power
Lerner, A. P. (1995) · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-24002-9_4 · Cited by 993
Cooperation among Competitors: Some Economics of Payment Card Associations
Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2002) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/3087474 · Cited by 659
Competition Between Networks: A Study of the Market for Yellow Pages
Rysman, M. (2004) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/0034-6527.00512 · Cited by 527
The Antitrust Economics of Multi-Sided Platform Markets
Evans, D. S. (2003) · bepress Legal Repository · Cited by 499
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 603
Network Effects and Two-Sided MarketsPreprint
Veljanovski, C. G. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1003447 · Cited by 6
Retail Payment Systems: What can we Learn from Two-Sided Markets?Preprint
Verdier, M. (2006) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 6
Revisiting e-commerce platforms’ strategies of exercising channel power: a contingency perspective
Deng, G., Zhang, J., Xu, Y., & He, L. (2024) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-08-2023-0444 · Cited by 5
Rauch, M.-J., Rösch, J., & Kuchinke, B. A. (2024) · List Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik · doi:10.1007/s41025-024-00276-3 · Cited by 5
Evolution toward an open value system for smart mobility services
Casey, T. R., Ali-Vehmas, T., & Valovirta, V. (2017) · Competition and Regulation in Network Industries · doi:10.1177/1783591717734808 · Cited by 5
Development and Validation of Platform Businesses in Digital Entrepreneurship
Göcke, L., & Meier, P. (2020) · Future of business and finance · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53914-6_5 · Cited by 7
Baldi, G. (2023) · Springer proceedings in complexity · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19560-0_57 · Cited by 6
Li, W., Zhang, Y., Dan, B., Zhang, X., & Sui, R. (2024) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer19020044 · Cited by 5
Feng, L., Kou, Q., Dai, Y., & Wu, X. (2024) · Asia Pacific Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1142/s0217595924400104 · Cited by 5
Vimarlund, V., & Mettler, T. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805250-1.00009-5 · Cited by 5
Button, K. J. (2017) · European journal of transport and infrastructure research · doi:10.18757/ejtir.2017.17.4.3208 · Cited by 5
A Platform Business Model for Collaborative Additive Manufacturing
Freichel, C., Hofmann, A., Ernst, I., & Winkelmann, A. (2021) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2021.578 · Cited by 5
Business platform ecosystem: un nuovo modello organizzativo per l'innovazione sostenibile
Calabrese, M., Lasala, A., & Laudando, A. (2021) · CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT STUDIES · doi:10.3280/cgrds2-2020oa10563 · Cited by 4
Online platform quality, discount, and advertising: A theoretical analysis
Poddar, S., Banerjee, T., & Banerjee, S. (2022) · IIMB Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.iimb.2022.03.004 · Cited by 5
An extended Bass Model on consumer quantity of B2C commerce platforms
Li, X., Yuan, J., Shi, Y., Wang, T., Hu, X., Chan, F. T. S., & Ruan, J. (2020) · Electronic Commerce Research · doi:10.1007/s10660-020-09428-x · Cited by 5
Becker, W., Ulrich, P., Fibitz, A., Schuhknecht, F., & Stradtmann, M. (2020) · Management und Controlling im Mittelstand · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-29844-9 · Cited by 5
Market Definition and Market Power in Payment Card Networks: Some Comments and Considerations
White, L. H. (2006) · Review of Network Economics · doi:10.2202/1446-9022.1089 · Cited by 5
Competition, bargaining power and pricing in two-sided marketsPreprint
Bolt, W., & Soramäki, K. (2007) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 5
Multisided Media Markets: Applying the Theory of Multisided Markets to Media MarketsPreprint
Lindstädt, N. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1532248 · Cited by 5
Santall, J., & Cennamo, C. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2662407 · Cited by 4
Intra-Platform Competition, Exclusivity and Dissimilarity Strategies in the Videogame IndustryPreprint
Cennamo, C., & Santaló, J. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1540131 · Cited by 4
Platform Types and Regulatory Concerns in European ICT MarketsPreprint
Ballon, P., & Heesvelde, E. V. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 5
Broadcasting in the Internet Age: Survival of the Fittest?Preprint
Hoelck, K., & Ballon, P. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 5
External evaluations under quality uncertainty: the market for wine ratings
Dubois, M., Cardebat, J., & Georgantzis, N. (2025) · Wine Economics and Policy · doi:10.36253/wep-16620 · Cited by 4
Yukhno, A. S. (2026) · Economics taxes & law · doi:10.26794/1999-849x-2025-18-6-60-71 · Cited by 4
Gorwa, R. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197692851.003.0002 · Cited by 4
Congestion, network effects and platform competition
Katsamakas, E. G., & Sanchez-Cartas, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination · doi:10.1007/s11403-024-00433-z · Cited by 4
Making Sense of Platform Intermediation
Barns, S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9725-8_6 · Cited by 4
EXAMINATION OF DIGITALIZATION IN HUNGARIAN AND ROMANIAN COMPANIES
Kovàcs, T., Bittner, B., Forest, D., & Nábrádi, A. (2021) · Annals of Faculty of Economics · doi:10.47535/1991auoes30(1)010 · Cited by 4
Emerging Digital Markets and Regulation
Ma, J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8766-2_2 · Cited by 4
Can signal delay and advertising lead to profit? A study on sporting
Yan-nian, W., Yim, B. H., Lu, C., Mao, L. L., & Zhang, J. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1028117 · Cited by 4
Ansorge, B., Dünnebacke, D., Dornberg, J. H., & Amini, A. (2012) · Gabler Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-3521-2_2 · Cited by 4
Evolution of Strategy and Commercial Relationships for Social Media Platforms: The Case of YouTube
Song, S., & Wildman, S. S. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28897-5_36 · Cited by 4
How accessories add value to a platform: the role of innovativeness and nonalignability
Gill, T., Ma, Z., Zhao, P., & Yongjian, C. (2020) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-07-2019-0627 · Cited by 4
Tani, M., Troise, C., & Basile, G. (2021) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-08-2020-0523 · Cited by 4
Understanding Digital Platforms in B2B: Literature Review and Case Studies
Hasler, D., Schallmo, D. R. A., Hackl, T., & Lang, K. (2020) · Cited by 4
Metaphors of Work, from ‘Below’
Tandon, A., & Rathi, A. (2023) · Dynamics of virtual work · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11462-5_8 · Cited by 4
Value creation in interdependent digital and analogue markets
Sanders, M., & van de Vrande, V. (2024) · Journal of Media Business Studies · doi:10.1080/16522354.2023.2300195 · Cited by 6
Accessing Value-in-Use Information by Integrating Social Platforms into Service Offerings
Eloranta, V., & Matveinen, J.-V. (2014) · Technology Innovation Management Review · doi:10.22215/timreview/782 · Cited by 4
Davidovici-Nora, M. (2016) · Revue d économie industrielle · doi:10.4000/rei.6451 · Cited by 4
Business Models Applicable to IoT
Júnior, M. D. R. F. B., Batista, C. L., Marques, M. E., & Pessoa, C. R. M. (2018) · Advances in business strategy and competitive advantage book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7265-7.ch002 · Cited by 4
Mobile Payments in the Light of Money Theories
Dahlberg, T. (2015) · International Conference on Electronic Commerce · doi:10.1145/2781562.2781584 · Cited by 4
The Economics of Delivering Digital Content Over Mobile Networks
Sharma, R., & Wildman, S. S. (2009) · Journal of Media Business Studies · doi:10.1080/16522354.2009.11073482 · Cited by 4
Two-Sided Markets: Apples Digital Application Platform
Ada, S. (2013) · JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH · doi:10.24297/jssr.v1i1.3053 · Cited by 4
The Business of Electric Vehicles: A Platform Perspective
Boehm, J., Bhargava, H. K., & PARKER, G. G. (2020) · doi:10.1561/9781680837636 · Cited by 4
Kolo, C. (2021) · Springer Reference Sozialwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-03895-3_17-2 · Cited by 4
Disentangling Positive and Negative Externalities on Two-Sided Markets: the eBay Case
Neysen, N., & Curchod, C. (2009) · ORBi (University of Liège) · Cited by 5
Das Konzept der zweiseitigen Märkte
Dewenter, R., & Rösch, J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-08555-1_5 · Cited by 4
Taxation in Two-Sided MarketsPreprint
Kind, H. J., Koethenbuerger, M., & Schjelderup, G. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.956260 · Cited by 4
Should Utility-Reducing Media Advertising Be Taxed?Preprint
Kind, H. J., Koethenbuerger, M., & Schjelderup, G. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1368130 · Cited by 4
Leadership in Multisided MarketsPreprint
Etro, F. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1963186 · Cited by 4
Changing Payment Patterns at Point-of-Sale: Their DriversPreprint
van der Cruijsen, C. A. B., & Plooij, M. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2602219 · Cited by 4
A Dynamic Analysis of Cross-Category Innovation in Digital Platform Ecosystems with Network Effects
Sun, S., Gu, B., & Tang, F. (2025) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer20030229 · Cited by 3
Trabucchi, D., & Buganza, T. (2026) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2026.103629 · Cited by 2
Krome, M. J., Pidun, U., & zu Knyphausen‐Aufseß, D. (2025) · Review of Managerial Science · doi:10.1007/s11846-025-00857-2 · Cited by 6
Kärrberg, P. (2010) · International Conference on Mobile Business · doi:10.1109/icmb-gmr.2010.76 · Cited by 3
Observability of Incentive Contract and Platform Competition
Bao, L., Zhang, Y., & Ribeiro, V. M. (2018) · Australian Economic Papers · doi:10.1111/1467-8454.12110 · Cited by 3
Can price discrimination improve the performance of online retail platforms?
Liu, M., & Anwar, S. (2022) · Australian Economic Papers · doi:10.1111/1467-8454.12289 · Cited by 3
Kolo, C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-25995-2_17 · Cited by 3
Zhang, Z., & Hua, Z. (2023) · Managerial and Decision Economics · doi:10.1002/mde.3828 · Cited by 3
Building a Multi-sided Data-Driven Mobility Platform: Key Design Elements and Configurations
Soto, A. C., Augusto, M. G., & Salomo, S. (2023) · Lecture notes in mobility · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-8361-0_6 · Cited by 3
Competition Law and Most Favoured Nation Clauses in Online Markets
Colangelo, M. (2019) · Economic analysis of law in European legal scholarship · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11611-8_14 · Cited by 3
Pricing Strategies of Registration System and Transaction System in Live Broadcast Platform
Zhang, R., Xu, Y., & Liu, B. (2022) · Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society · doi:10.1155/2022/6161781 · Cited by 3
Uncertainty in Digital Platforms and Ecosystems: The Dynamic Interplay Between Knowledge Problems
Alsahli, A., & Bantan, M. (2022) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2022.815 · Cited by 3
Bør den indirekte pressestøtten gis som momsfritak eller skattefradrag?
Kind, H. J., & Møen, J. (2013) · Norsk medietidsskrift · doi:10.18261/issn0805-9535-2013-01-03 · Cited by 3
Pricing in two-sided markets in the presence of free upgrades
Sood, M., Moharir, S., & Kulkarni, A. A. (2018) · International Conference on Communication Systems & Networks (COMSNETS) · doi:10.1109/comsnets.2018.8328206 · Cited by 3
Liu, Z. J. (2025) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvaf018 · Cited by 4
An Application of Evolutionary Game Theory to Platform Competition in Two Sided Market
Kim, D. (2010) · 한국경영과학회지 · Cited by 3
Review on the Evolution of Platform Research from the Perspectives of Management and Economics
Xin, J. (2021) · Advances in economics, business and management research/Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research · doi:10.2991/aebmr.k.210712.012 · Cited by 3
Two-sided platforms with endogenous quality differentiation
Viecens, M. F. (2006) · e-Archivo (Carlos III University of Madrid) · Cited by 3
Newspapers and Advertising: The Effects of Ad-Valorem Taxation Under DuopolyPreprint
Kind, H. J., Schjelderup, G., & Stähler, F. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.960004 · Cited by 3
Complementary Platforms: The Provision of Custody for Internationally Diversified Investors ∗
Cayseele, P. J. G. V. (2005) · Cited by 3
Is Ethereum the New iOS? Exploring the Platform Economy of Decentralized FinancePreprint
Eikmanns, B. C., Mehrwald, P., Welpe, I. M., & Sandner, P. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3992625 · Cited by 3
“Platform Holdup” and Platform Regulation
Huang, J., & Xie, D. (2025) · International Review of Law and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.irle.2025.106266 · Cited by 2
Zhu, X., & Li, L. (2025) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer20040338 · Cited by 2
Just, N. (2026) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2026.103167 · Cited by 2
Gadola, S., Trabucchi, D., & Buganza, T. (2026) · Review of Managerial Science · doi:10.1007/s11846-026-00996-0 · Cited by 3
Navigating Platform Ecosystem Challenges: A Study on Iranian Digital Businesses
Estiri, M., Dahooie, J. H., Mohammadi, N., & Zamani, A. (2026) · Journal of the Knowledge Economy · doi:10.1007/s13132-026-03204-2 · Cited by 2
Beyeler, W., Kelic, A., Finley, P. D., Aamir, M. S., Outkin, A. V., Conrad, S., Mitchell, M. D., & Vargas, V. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-29047-3_38 · Cited by 2
DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION POTENTIAL OF MULTI-SIDED PLATFORMS: CASE OF DIGITAL BOOKS # 12 (E)-2012
Муравский, Д., & Yablonsky, S. (2012) · Cited by 2
Digital Platforms as Drivers of Innovation
Meier, P. (2021) · Management for professionals · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57642-4_14 · Cited by 2
Kubach, M., & Roßnagel, H. (2023) · HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik · doi:10.1365/s40702-023-00948-2 · Cited by 2
Towards semantic operationalisation of the business model: a step forward
Milei, P., & Barajas, Á. (2023) · Management Research The Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management · doi:10.1108/mrjiam-11-2022-1362 · Cited by 3
Rambe, P. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-55935-8_4 · Cited by 2
A non-discrimination principle for rankings in app stores
Brouwer, D. (2020) · Internet Policy Review · doi:10.14763/2020.4.1539 · Cited by 2
Ultrabroadband Competition in Two-Sided Markets
Calabrese, A., Iacovelli, I., Ghiron, N. L., & Gastaldi, M. (2008) · Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) · Cited by 2
Price-Increasing Competition on Two-Sided Markets with Homogeneous Platforms
Böhme, E., & Müller, C. (2012) · Journal of Industry Competition and Trade · doi:10.1007/s10842-012-0137-6 · Cited by 2
The dynamism of the two-sided application store market
Järvi, K., & Kortelainen, S. (2011) · International Journal of Technology Marketing · doi:10.1504/ijtmkt.2011.041943 · Cited by 2
The matching process for innovation partnerships: A multi-sided market perspective
Holzmann, T., Sailer, K., & Katzy, B. (2013) · IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC) · doi:10.1109/itmc.2013.7352664 · Cited by 2
The competitive strategy of producing and marketing docking platform of agriculture products
Yang, F. C., Wang, X., Cao, H., & Lü, D. (2017) · Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics · doi:10.1080/09720502.2016.1259858 · Cited by 2
Exploiting Internet-of-Things: Platforms and Business Models
Abbate, T., Césaroni, F., Cinici, M. C., & Villari, M. (2017) · Springer proceedings in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66036-3_6 · Cited by 2
Kolo, C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-34048-3_39-2 · Cited by 2
Versatile Stochastic Two-Sided Platform Models
Kim, S.-K. (2022) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math11010131 · Cited by 2
Politicized shopping in the gig economy: Retaliation and solidarity on the “other side” of the app
Maffie, M. D. (2023) · Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and Society · doi:10.1111/irel.12346 · Cited by 2
E-Commerce as a Source of Revenue in Spanish Digital News Media
Miguel, A. V., Sánchez-Blanco, C., Negredo, S., & Sádaba, C. (2023) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.7388 · Cited by 2
Bourai, S., Arora, R., & Yadav, N. (2024) · Journal of economic and administrative sciences. · doi:10.1108/jeas-10-2023-0287 · Cited by 3
Chen, H., & Xu, Q. (2024) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer19020061 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Evans, D. S.
- Corresponding author
- Evans, David S.
- ORCID
- Evans, David S.
- Venue
- Review of Network Economics
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2003-01-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 1446-9022 (ISSN-L)
- 2194-5993
- OpenAlex
- W3121793527
- Cited by
- 605
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 31.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Review of Network Economics (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Digital Platforms and Economics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategy and Innovation
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Merger and Competition Analysis
- Keywords
- multi-sided platforms, platform business models, market entry strategy, pricing strategy, product strategy, externalities, customer retention, network effects, payment card industry, operating system software, video game consoles
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review