Effects of acute exhaustive exercise and chronic exercise training on type 1 and type 2 T lymphocytes
Open accessAbstract
The present study examined the effects of acute exhaustive exercise and chronic exercise training on type 1 and type 2 T lymphocyte distribution and intracellular cytokine production. Seven endurance-trained male cyclists completed exercise trials to exhaustion before, immediately after, and following 2 weeks of resting recovery from a 6-day intensified training period (ITP). During each trial, resting and post-exercise blood samples were incubated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin and stained for T lymphocyte surface antigens (CD3). Cells were then permeabilised, stained for intracellular cytokines and analysed using flow cytometry. Acute exhaustive exercise before and following 2 weeks of recovery from the ITP, but not immediately after the ITP, significantly reduced the circulating percentage and number of lFN-gamma+ (type 1) T cells (P<0.05). In addition, the amount of IFN-gamma produced by stimulated T lymphocytes was decreased (P<0.05) post-exercise during each trial. The percentage and number of interferon (IFN)-gamma+ T lymphocytes was decreased (P<0.05) at rest immediately after the ITP compared with before and following 2 weeks of resting recovery from the ITP. However, the amount of IFN-gamma produced by stimulated T lymphocytes at rest was unaltered following the ITP. Neither acute exercise nor chronic exercise training caused an alteration in the circulating percentage or number of interleukin (IL)-4+ (type 2) T lymphocytes. These results suggest a possible mechanism for the increased incidence of infection reported during chronic exercise training via modulation of type 1/type 2 T lymphocyte distribution.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Changes in immune function following high levels of physical activity include low lymphocyte levels and function, impaired phagocytosis, impaired neutrophilic function, neutrophil degranulation, reduced monocyte function, reduced oxidative burst activity, and potentially lower mucosal immunoglobulin levels.
“The changes in immune function include low levels of lymphocytes and lymphocyte function (301), impaired phagocytosis, impaired neutrophilic function with prolonged exercise (401), neutrophil degranulation (400), reduced monocyte function (302), reduced oxidative burst activity, and potentially lower mucosal immunoglobulin levels (201).”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [301]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Jentjens, R. L. P. G., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2002) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00482.2001 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases
Booth, F. W., Roberts, C. K., & Laye, M. J. (2012) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c110025 · Cited by 2,575 · see citing works
Immune function in sport and exercise
Gleeson, M. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.2007 · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works
Self-citationExercise modulates oxidative stress and inflammation in aging and cardiovascular diseases
Sallam, N., & Laher, I. (2016) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2016/7239639 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics
Jäger, R., Mohr, A. E., Carpenter, K. C., Kerksick, C. M., Purpura, M., Moussa, A., Townsend, J. R., Lamprecht, M., West, N. P., Black, K., et al. (2019) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-019-0329-0 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationDaily Probiotic’s (Lactobacillus casei Shirota) Reduction of Infection Incidence in Athletes
Gleeson, M., Bishop, N. C., Oliveira, M., & Tauler, P. (2011) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.21.1.55 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary Supplements for Health, Adaptation, and Recovery in Athletes
Rawson, E. S., Miles, M. P., & Larson-Meyer, D. E. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0340 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Gleeson, M., Bishop, N., Oliveira, M., McCauley, T., Tauler, P., & Muhamad, A. S. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01272.x · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationStellingwerff, T., Heikura, I. A., Meeusen, R., Bermon, S., Seiler, S., Mountjoy, M. L., & Burke, L. M. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01491-0 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
State of the Art Reviews: The Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Exercise Training
Flynn, M. G., McFarlin, B. K., & Markofski, M. M. (2007) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827607300283 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Strasser, B., Geiger, D., Schauer, M., Gostner, J., Gatterer, H., Burtscher, M., & Fuchs, D. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8110752 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Gleeson, M., Bishop, N. C., Oliveira, M., McCauley, T., Tauler, P., & Lawrence, C. (2012) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.4.235 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationFarhangi, M. A., Javid, A. Z., Sarmadi, B., Karimi, P., & Dehghan, P. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.06.005 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Moro-García, M. A., Fernández-García, B., Echeverría, A., Rodríguez-Alonso, M., Suárez-García, F. M., Solano-Jaurrieta, J. J., López-Larrea, C., & Alonso-Arias, R. (2014) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.12.014 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Acute aerobic exercise in humans increases cytokine expression in CD27− but not CD27+ CD8+ T-cells
LaVoy, E. C., Bosch, J. A., Lowder, T. W., & Simpson, R. J. (2013) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.09.006 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lancaster, G., Halson, S., Khan, Q., Drysdale, P., Wallace, F., Jeukendrup, A., Drayson, M., & Gleeson, M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Exercise Immunology Review
- Publisher
- Exercise Immunology Review
- Published
- 2026-07-15
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 91-106
- OpenAlex
- W189068016
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Universitätsbibliothek Gießen
- PubMed
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- acute exhaustive exercise, exercise training, interferon-gamma, IL-4, intracellular cytokine production, endurance cyclists
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Epinephrine, Fatigue, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Interferon-gamma, Leukocyte Count, Male, Physical Endurance, Exercise, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Th1 Cells, Th2 Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
