State of the Art Reviews: The Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Exercise Training

Flynn, Michael G.; McFarlin, Brian K.; Markofski, Melissa M.

doi:10.1177/1559827607300283

Cited by 155Exercise and Physiological ResponsesAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesPhysical Activity and Health

State of the Art Reviews: The Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Exercise Training

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Flynn, Michael G., McFarlin, Brian K., Markofski, Melissa M.·2007·American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine

DOI 10.1177/1559827607300283PMC PMC4243532

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Abstract

The list of diseases with a known inflammatory etiology is growing. Cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, geriatric cachexia, and Alzheimer's disease have all been shown to be linked to or exacerbated by aberrantly regulated inflammatory processes. Nevertheless, there is mounting evidence that those who are physically active, or who become physically active, have a reduction in biomarkers associated with chronic inflammation. There was strong early consensus that exercise-induced reductions in inflammation were explained by body mass index or body fatness, but recent studies provide support for the contention that exercise has body fat-independent anti-inflammatory effects. With few exceptions, the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise appear to occur regardless of age or the presence of chronic diseases. What remains unclear are the mechanisms by which exercise training induces these anti-inflammatory effects, but there are several intriguing possibilities, including release of endogenous products, such as heat shock proteins; selective reduction of visceral adipose tissue mass or reducing infiltration of adipocytes by macrophages; shift in immune cell phenotype; cross-tolerizing effects; or exercise-induced shifts in accessory proteins of toll-like receptor signaling. However, future research endeavors are likely to uncover additional potential mechanisms, and it could be some time before functional mechanisms are made clear. In summary, the potential anti-inflammatory influences of exercise training may provide a low-cost, readily available, and effective treatment for low-grade systemic inflammation and could contribute significantly to the positive effects of exercise training on chronic disease.

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The cytokine production profile during and immediately after physical exercise is dependent on several factors, such as population, intensity or duration of exercise, glucose availability, and sample collection time.
“In addition, this cytokine production profile that occurs during and immediately after physical exercise is dependent on several factors, such as; population (sedentary, presence of diseases, etc.), the intensity or duration of the physical exercise, glucose availability and sample collection time (Flynn et al., 2007).”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Flynn et al., 2007

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Effect of Rosiglitazone on Endothelial Function and Inflammatory Markers in Patients With the Metabolic Syndrome
Esposito, K. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.2951071 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in elderly populations.
Brüünsgaard, H. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Regulation of Endotoxin-Induced Proinflammatory Activation in Human Coronary Artery Cells: Expression of Functional Membrane-Bound CD14 by Human Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells
Stoll, L. L., Denning, G. M., Li, W.-G., Rice, J. B., Harrelson, A. L., Romig‐Martin, S. A., Gunnlaugsson, S. T., Miller, F. J., & Weintraub, N. L. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.1336 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
CD14 Monocyte Receptor, Involved in the Inflammatory Cascade, and Insulin Sensitivity
Fernández‐Real, J. M., Broch, M., Richart, C., Vendrell, J. J., López‐Bermejo, A., & Ricart, W. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020173 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Effects of exercise training on 5 inflammatory markers associated with cardiovascular risk
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Cytokines and Bone Loss in a 5-Year Longitudinal Study—Hormone Replacement Therapy Suppresses Serum Soluble Interleukin-6 Receptor and Increases Interleukin-1-Receptor Antagonist: The Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study
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“Host Tissue Damage” Signal ATP Promotes Non-directional Migration and Negatively Regulates Toll-like Receptor Signaling in Human Monocytes
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Exercise Training in Chronic Heart Failure: Effects on Pro-Inflammatory Markers
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Effect of six months' exercise training on C-reactive protein levels in healthy elderly subjects
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Polymorphism of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 2 gene is associated with obesity, leptin levels, and insulin resistance in young subjects and diet-treated type 2 diabetic patients.
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The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and C-reactive protein in subjects with the metabolic syndrome
Aronson, D., Sella, R., Sheikh-Ahmad, M., Kerner, A., Avizohar, O., Rispler, S., Bartha, P., Markiewicz, W., Levy, Y., & Brook, G. J. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.08.030 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α release in healthy subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes at rest and during exercise
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Strikingly Low Circulating CRP Concentrations in Ultramarathon Runners Independent of Markers of Adiposity
Tomaszewski, M., Charchar, F. J., Przybycin, M., Crawford, L., Wallace, A. M., Gosek, K., Lowe, G. D. O., Zukowska-Szczechowska, E., Grzeszczak, W., Sattar, N. A., et al. (2003) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000087036.75849.0b · Cited by 80 · see citing works
A randomized controlled trial of rehabilitation after hospitalization in frail older women: effects on strength, balance and mobility
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Addition of aerobic exercise to dietary weight loss preferentially reduces abdominal adipocyte size
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Most of the interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, cathepsin S, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, nerve growth factor, and interleukin 18 release by explants of human adipose tissue is by the non–fat cells, not by the adipocytes
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HSP60 induces self‐tolerance to repeated HSP60 stimulation and cross‐tolerance to other pro‐inflammatory stimuli
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Protein kinase inhibitors can suppress stress-induced dissociation of Hsp27
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The effect of exercise training on adiponectin receptor expression in KKAy obese/diabetic mice
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Increased levels of markers of vascular inflammation in patients with coronary heart disease
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Cardiac Rehabilitation is Associated With an Improvement in C-Reactive Protein Levels in Both Men and Women With Cardiovascular Disease
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Pretreatment serum interleukin-6 concentration as a prognostic factor of overall survival in metastatic malignant melanoma patients treated with biochemotherapy: a retrospective study
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Carbohydrate intake during endurance exercise increases natural killer cell responsiveness to IL-2
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Self-citation
The role of inflammation and infection in the pathogenesis and evolution of coronary artery disease
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Higher C-Reactive Protein Concentration and White Blood Cell Count in Subjects With More Coronary Risk Factors and/or Lower Physical Fitness Among Apparently Healthy Japanese.
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High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is only weakly related to cardiovascular damage after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors
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CYTOKINE RESPONSES DIFFER BY COMPARTMENT AND WASTING STATUS IN PATIENTS WITH HIV INFECTION AND HEALTHY CONTROLS
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CD14 C(−260)T gene polymorphism, circulating soluble CD14 levels and arteriosclerosis
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Physical Activity and Markers of Inflammation and Thrombosis Related to Coronary Heart Disease
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Effect of exercise on the expression of adiponectin mRNA and GLUT4 mRNA in type 2 diabetic rats
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Opposite relationship between circulating soluble CD14 concentration and endothelial function in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects
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Background
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Authors: Flynn, M. G., McFarlin, B. K., & Markofski, M. M.
Affiliations: Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
University of Houston (US)
ORCID: McFarlin, Brian K.
Markofski, Melissa M.
Venue: American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2007-05
Volume: 1
Issue: 3
Pages: 220-235
ISSN: 1559-8276 (ISSN-L)
1559-8284
DOI: 10.1177/1559827607300283
PMC: PMC4243532
OpenAlex: W2017675047
Cited by: 154
References: 196
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 5.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R03AG028110)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Keywords: exercise training, anti-inflammatory activity, chronic inflammation, low-grade inflammation, heat shock proteins, visceral adipose tissue, macrophage infiltration, immune cell phenotypes, cross-tolerance, Toll-like receptor signaling, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease

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State of the Art Reviews: The Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Exercise Training

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