Cited by 1,398Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanismsMemory and Neural MechanismsChild and Animal Learning Development

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Experience and Brain Development

Greenough, William T., Black, James E., Wallace, Christopher S.·1987·Child Development

DOI 10.2307/1130197

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Abstract

This article considers how experience can influence the developing and mature brain and proposes a new categorization scheme based upon the type of information stored and the brain mechanisms that appear to be involved in storing it. In this scheme, experience-expectant information storage refers to incorporation of environmental information that is ubiquitous in the environment and common to all species members, such as the basic elements of pattern perception. Experience-expectant processes appear to have evolved as a neural preparation for incorporating specific information: in many sensory systems, synaptic connections between nerve cells are overproduced, and a subsequent selection process occurs in which aspects of sensory experience determine the pattern of connections that remains. Experience-dependent information storage refers to incorporation of environmental information that is idiosyncratic, or unique to the individual, such as learning about one's specific physical environment or vocabulary. The neural basis of experience-dependent processes appears to involve active formation of new synaptic connections in response to the events providing the information to be stored. Although these processes probably do not occur entirely independently of one another in development, the categories offer a new view more in accord with neural mechanisms than were terms like "critical" or "sensitive period."

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Authors: Greenough, W. T., Black, J. E., & Wallace, C. S.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
ORCID: Black, James E.
Venue: Child Development
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1987-06
Volume: 58
Issue: 3
Pages: 539
ISSN: 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/1130197
OpenAlex: W1968732298
Semantic Scholar: 77991efe4235377034d9c46a86305e2f4af2e703
Cited by: 1,398
References: 139
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 41
FWCI: 4.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Child Development (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords: experience-dependent learning, brain development, synaptic pruning, pattern perception, critical period, sensitive period, neural mechanisms of learning, information storage, individual differences in learning
MeSH terms: Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Concept Formation, Dominance, Cerebral, Humans, Infant, Synaptic Transmission, Mental Recall, Spinal Cord, Visual Pathways

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