Cited by 1,145Visual perception and processing mechanismsFace Recognition and PerceptionPhilosophy and Theoretical Science

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The Perception of the Visual World

Gibson, James J.·1951·The American Journal of Psychology

DOI 10.2307/1419017

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Judgments of eye level in light and in darkness
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A theory of the motion fields of curves
Faugeras, O. D., & Papadopoulo, T. (1993) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/bf01420734 · Cited by 49
Pictorial Depth and Related Constancy Effects as a Function of Recognition
Rock, I., Shallo-Hoffmann, J., & Schwartz, F. (1978) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p070003 · Cited by 49
Ecological psychology is radical enough: A reply to radical enactivists
Segundo‐Ortin, M., Heras-Escribano, M., & Raja, V. (2019) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2019.1668238 · Cited by 48
The Importance of a Visual Horizon for Distance Judgments under Severely Degraded Vision
Rand, K. M., Tarampi, M. R., Creem-Regehr, S. H., & Thompson, W. B. (2011) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p6843 · Cited by 49
Spiking Elementary Motion Detector in Neuromorphic Systems
Milde, M. B., Bertrand, O. J. N., Ramachandran, H., Egelhaaf, M., & Chicca, E. (2018) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_01112 · Cited by 46
The visual control of stability in children and adults: postural readjustments in a ground optical flow
Baumberger, B., Isableu, B., & Fl�ckiger, M. (2004) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-004-1930-1 · Cited by 47
“Generally, the mobile stimuli used in such research attempt to simulate the characteristics of an optical flow produced by a moving observer during locomotion (Gibson 1950).”
Background
Perceived depth as a function of relative height under three background conditions.
EPSTEIN, W. M. (1966) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0023630 · Cited by 47
“Gibson (1950, p. 180) offers a similar conjecture in his discussion of this cue.”
Background
Spatial Cognition V Reasoning, Action, Interaction
(2007) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75666-8 · Cited by 49
Optic Flow Influences Perceived Exertion During Cycling
Parry, D., Chinnasamy, C., & Micklewright, D. P. (2012) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.34.4.444 · Cited by 46
The evolutionary role of affordances: ecological psychology, niche construction, and natural selection
Heras-Escribano, M. (2020) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-020-09747-1 · Cited by 47
The Role of Frames of Reference in the Development of Responsiveness to Shading Information
Yonas, A., Kuskowski, M. A., & Sternfels, S. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04134.x · Cited by 46
Neuronal Responses to Optic Flow in the Monkey Parietal Area PEc
Raffi, M. (2002) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/12.6.639 · Cited by 46
Visual Slant Underestimation: A General Model
Perrone, J. A. (1982) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p110641 · Cited by 46
Relative luminance and binocular disparity preferences are correlated in macaque primary visual cortex, matching natural scene statistics
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Heft, H. (2017) · Ecological Psychology · doi:10.1080/10407413.2017.1297187 · Cited by 46
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Baggs, E. (2021) · Ecological Psychology · doi:10.1080/10407413.2021.1965477 · Cited by 53
Extracting Egomotion from Optic Flow: Limits of Accuracy and Neural Matched Filters
Dahmen, H., Franz, M. O., & Krapp, H. G. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56550-2_8 · Cited by 44
“These so-called optic flow fields (Gibson 1950) are thought to be analysed by the visual system of many spices – including human – to gain information on different aspects of egomotion (reviews: Miles and Wallman 1993; Lappe 1999; Lappe et al.”
Background
Thalamo-cortical connections and their correlation with receptive field properties in the cat's lateral suprasylvian visual cortex
Rauschecker, J. P., von Grünau, M. W., & Poulin, C. (1987) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00269458 · Cited by 43
Real-time motion tracking using optical flow on multiple GPUs
Mahmoudi, S. A., Kierzynka, M., Manneback, P., & Kurowski, K. (2014) · Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences · doi:10.2478/bpasts-2014-0016 · Cited by 42
Using immersive virtual reality and ecological psychology to probe into child molesters' phenomenology
Renaud, P., Chartier, S., Rouleau, J. L., Proulx, J., Goyette, M., Trottier, D., Fedoroff, P., Bradford, J.-P., Dassylva, B., & Bouchard, S. (2011) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2011.617014 · Cited by 42
Retracted
How Lovebirds Maneuver Rapidly Using Super-Fast Head Saccades and Image Feature Stabilization
Kress, D., van Bokhorst, E., & Lentink, D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129287 · Cited by 40
The Perception Machine
Żylińska, J. (2023) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/14471.001.0001 · Cited by 46
Local statistics of retinal optic flow for self-motion through natural sceneries
Calow, D., & Lappe, M. (2007) · Network Computation in Neural Systems · doi:10.1080/09548980701642277 · Cited by 41
Movement-induced motion signal distributions in outdoor scenes
Zanker, J. M., & Zeil, J. (2005) · Network Computation in Neural Systems · doi:10.1080/09548980500497758 · Cited by 41
Depth
Koenderink, J. J., van Doorn, A. J., & Wagemans, J. P. (2011) · i-Perception · doi:10.1068/i0438aap · Cited by 41
STUDIES IN VISUAL PERCEPTION OF ARCHITECTURAL SPACES AND ROOMS: I. Judgment scales of open and closed space
Gärling, T. (1969) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1969.tb00034.x · Cited by 41
Experiential Factors in Visual Form Perception: I. Review and Formulation of Problems
Ammons, R. B. (1954) · The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/08856559.1954.10533663 · Cited by 41
What are the prospects for a higher‐order stimulus theory of perception?
EPSTEIN, W. M. (1977) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1977.tb00273.x · Cited by 41
Visual Stimulation Affects the Perception of Voluntary Leg Movements during Walking
Lackner, J. R., & DiZio, P. (1988) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p170071 · Cited by 40
Seeing Biological Motion - Is There a Role for Cognitive Strategies?
Dittrich, W. H. (1999) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-46616-9_1 · Cited by 40
“One of the controversial but influential ideas of Gibson’s approach to perception is the idea of direct perception ([ 40 ], see also [41]).”
Background
Contextual modulation of orientation tuning contributes to efficient processing of natural stimuli
Felsen, G., Touryan, J., & Dan, Y. (2005) · Network Computation in Neural Systems · doi:10.1080/09548980500463347 · Cited by 39
Human Sensory-Motor Adaptation to the Terrestrial Force Environment
Lackner, J. R. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5071-9_8 · Cited by 41
The Effects of Spatial and Temporal Factors on the Perception of Stroboscopic Rotation Simulations
Petersik, J. T. (1980) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p090271 · Cited by 40
Neurological impairments of object constancy: The effects of orientation and size disparities
Riddoch, M. J., & Humphreys, G. W. (1986) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643298608252676 · Cited by 40
Alternative solutions to kinetic stimulus transformations.
Rock, I., & Smith, D. (1981) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.7.1.19 · Cited by 40
A biomimetic vision-based hovercraft accounts for bees’ complex behaviour in various corridors
Roubieu, F. L., Serres, J., Colonnier, F., Franceschini, N. H., Viollet, S., & Franck Ruffier, B. (2014) · Bioinspiration & Biomimetics · doi:10.1088/1748-3182/9/3/036003 · Cited by 45
Is Light in Pictures Presumed to Come from the Left Side?
McManus, I. C., Buckman, J., & Woolley, E. (2004) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p5289 · Cited by 38
“In late 1997, two of us (JB and ICM) were interested in whether light from the left and right sides was perceptually equivalent, and we carried out the experiment described below as study 1, in which observers reported whether a single hemispherical `bubble' viewed in free vision appeared concave or convex. After stud…”
Method
Assessing Linear Urban Landscape from dynamic visual perception based on urban morphology
Jin, X., & Wang, J. (2021) · Frontiers of Architectural Research · doi:10.1016/j.foar.2021.01.001 · Cited by 39
Rapid Processing of Cast and Attached Shadows
Elder, J. H., Trithart, S., Pintilie, G., & MacLean, D. J. (2004) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p5323 · Cited by 39
Unattended and attended visual change detection of motion as indexed by event-related potentials and its behavioral correlates
Põldver, N., Kreegipuu, K., Raidvee, A., Näätänen, R., & Allïk, J. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00476 · Cited by 39
A Comparison of Two Theories of Perceived Distance on the Ground Plane: The Angular Expansion Hypothesis and the Intrinsic Bias Hypothesis
Li, Z., & Durgin, F. H. (2012) · i-Perception · doi:10.1068/i0505 · Cited by 39
“Gibson (1950, 1979) emphasized that the ground plane provides a great deal of important visual information about distance, including optical flow, angular declination, and texture gradients.”
Hearing, Hearing Impairment, and the Audible World: A Theoretical Essay
Noble, W. G. (1983) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.3109/00206098309072793 · Cited by 39
Space, Form and Optical Deformations
Koenderink, J. J. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5071-9_2 · Cited by 39
Control theoretic interpretation of directional motion preferences in optic flow processing interneurons
Hyslop, A. M., Krapp, H. G., & Humbert, J. S. (2010) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s00422-010-0404-8 · Cited by 38
Making and taking information
Huvila, I. (2021) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24599 · Cited by 41
Children's Size Judgments in a Picture with Suggested Depth
Newman, C. V. (1969) · Nature · doi:10.1038/223418a0 · Cited by 38
Two types of ecological rationality: or how to best combine psychology and economics
Dekker, E., & Remic, B. (2018) · Journal of Economic Methodology · doi:10.1080/1350178x.2018.1560486 · Cited by 46
Some visual influences on human postural equilibrium: Binocular versus monocular fixation
Fox, C. R. (1990) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03208174 · Cited by 37
Eye Fixation and Attention as Modifiers of Perceived Distance
Gogel, W. C., & Tietz, J. D. (1977) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1977.45.2.343 · Cited by 37
The Relationship between Texture Gradient and Perceived Slant-in-Depth: Direct or Mediated?
EPSTEIN, W. M. (1981) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p100695 · Cited by 37
“This account is suggested by the neo-Helmholtzian formulations of Gregory (1974) and Rock (1977). The account is also compatible with the hybrid theoretical approaches to perception such as the one advocated by Neisser (1976). While Gibson's theory contends that perceived slant-in-depth is an unmediated direct respons…”
Result
J. J. Gibson’s “Ground Theory of Space Perception”
Sedgwick, H. A. (2021) · i-Perception · doi:10.1177/20416695211021111 · Cited by 36
The Perception of Scale-Dependent and Scale-Independent Surface Structure from Binocular Disparity, Texture, and Shading
Tittle, J. S., Norman, J. F., Perotti, V. J., & Phillips, F. (1998) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p270147 · Cited by 36
The Perception of Depth and Slant from Texture in Three-Dimensional Scenes
Andersen, G. J., Braunstein, M. L., & Saidpour, A. (1998) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p271087 · Cited by 36
“A considerable body of research has involved consideration of whether the layout of a scene is perceived veridically (eg DaSilva 1985; Gibson 1950; Purdy and Gibson 1955).”
The Route Direction Effect and its Constraints
Schweizer, K., Herrmann, T., Janzen, G., & Katz, S. (1998) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-69342-4_2 · Cited by 42
“(On optical flow and the perception of movement see Gibson, 1950; 1966; 1979; Horn and Schunck, 1981; Kim, Growney and Turvey, 1996; Verri and Poggio, 1989.) The cognitive system calculates the relative distance of objects from one another from the relative size and direction of the movement of the images on the retin…”
Background
Depth Discrimination from Optic Flow
Simpson, W. A. (1988) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p170497 · Cited by 36
Man-Machine Steering Dynamics
Wohl, J. G. (1961) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872086100300402 · Cited by 36
A Tactile Cockpit Instrument to Support Altitude Control
van Erp, J. B. F., Veltman, A., & van Veen, H. A. H. C. (2003) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193120304700124 · Cited by 36
Designing for possibility in public space: affordance, assemblage, and ANT
Stevens, Q., Daly, J., & Dovey, K. (2024) · URBAN DESIGN International · doi:10.1057/s41289-023-00235-y · Cited by 35
Egomotion‐related visual areas respond to active leg movements
Serra, C., Galletti, C., Marco, S. D., Fattori, P., Galati, G., Sulpizio, V., & Pitzalis, S. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24589 · Cited by 33
Geometric illusions in reading graphs
Poulton, E. C. (1985) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03204920 · Cited by 35
Influence of Head Inclination on the Vertical-Horizontal Illusion
Künnapas, T. M. (1958) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1958.9916283 · Cited by 35
Perception of structured optic flow and random visual motion in infants and adults: a high-density EEG study
van der Meer, A. L. H., Fallet, G., & van der Weel, F. R. (2007) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-007-1251-2 · Cited by 34
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Parush, A., Gauthier, M. S., Arseneau, L., & Tang, D. (2011) · Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics · doi:10.1177/1557234x11410392 · Cited by 34
“The visual perception of size and distance of objects in the visual scene are tightly linked (Gibson, 1950).”
Background
Environmental Considerations for Effective Telehealth Encounters: A Narrative Review and Implications for Best Practice
Duane, J.-N., Blanch‐Hartigan, D., Sanders, J. J., Caponigro, E., Robicheaux, E., Bernard, B., Podolski, M., & Ericson, J. D. (2021) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2021.0074 · Cited by 34
Antigravity Hills are Visual Illusions
Bressan, P., Garlaschelli, L., & Barracano, M. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.02451 · Cited by 34
Cue integration for the perception and control of self-movement in ageing and Alzheimer's disease
Mapstone, M. E., Logan, D., & Duffy, C. J. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl201 · Cited by 34
A method of controlling stimulation for the study of space perception: the optical tunnel.
Gibson, J. J., Purdy, J., & Lawrence, L. (1955) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0043072 · Cited by 34
Self-citation
Reciprocal interactions between occlusion and motion computations
Anderson, B. L., & Sinha, P. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.7.3477 · Cited by 34
“Accreted and deleted surface regions provide information about the presence of an occluding surface, which plays a critical role in image segmentation ( 20 ).”
Background
Inaccurate Representation of the Ground Surface beyond a Texture Boundary
Wu, B., He, Z. J., & Ooi, T. L. (2007) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p5693 · Cited by 33
Fore–aft translation aftereffects
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Haptic Perception of Texture Gradients
Holmes, E. A., Hughes, B. G., & Jansson, G. (1998) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p270993 · Cited by 33
Neural Mechanisms for Detecting Object Motion and Figure-Ground Boundaries, Contrasted with Self-Motion Detecting Systems
Frost, B. J. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5071-9_17 · Cited by 33
Existence and Implications of a Tilted Binocular Disparity Space
Breitmeyer, B. G., Battaglia, F., & Bridge, J. (1977) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p060161 · Cited by 34
Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic models for Space Syntax studies on spatial experience
Lee, J. H., & Ostwald, M. J. (2024) · City Territory and Architecture · doi:10.1186/s40410-023-00223-3 · Cited by 32
The role of pictures in learning biology: Part 1, perception and observation
Reid, D. J. (1990) · Journal of Biological Education · doi:10.1080/00219266.1990.9655135 · Cited by 32
Stationary Visual Texture and the Estimation of Slant Angle
Phillips, R. J. (1970) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/14640747008401912 · Cited by 32
Bottom–Up Clues in Target Finding: Why a Dalmatian May Be Mistaken for an Elephant
van Tonder, G. J., & Ejima, Y. (2000) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p2928 · Cited by 31
“3.1 Texture compression and texture gradients Texture gradients (Gibson 1950) and anisotropic texture compression (eg Stevens 1981) are known to lead to percepts of depth in visual scenes.”
BackgroundInfluential
Seeing with the Hands, Touching with the Eyes: Vision, Touch and the Enlightenment Spatial Imaginary
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A Control-Oriented Analysis of Bio-inspired Visuomotor Convergence
Humbert, J. S., Murray, R. M., & Dickinson, M. H. (2006) · IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) · doi:10.1109/cdc.2005.1582162 · Cited by 31
Motion perception in the peripheral visual field
Fahle, M. W., & Wehrhahn, C. (1991) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/bf00166305 · Cited by 31
“When humans move forward, the retinal projections of all peripheral objects usually move centrifugally due to the increase in their retinal projections with decreasing distance [ 17 , 18].”
Background
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
Proctor, R. W., & Proctor, J. D. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119636113.ch3 · Cited by 32
Acoustic facilitation of object movement detection during self-motion
Calabro, F. J., Soto‐Faraco, S., & Vaina, L. M. (2011) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2757 · Cited by 30
Eyes-free Target Acquisition During Walking in Immersive Mixed Reality
Zhou, Q., Yu, D., Reinoso, M., Newn, J., Gonçalves, J., & Velloso, E. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2020.3023570 · Cited by 30
Impaired perception of self-motion (heading) in abstinent ecstasy and marijuana users
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Four assumptions about invariance in perception.
Cutting, J. E. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.9.2.310 · Cited by 30
Slant Underestimation: A Model Based on the Size of the Viewing Aperture
Perrone, J. A. (1980) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p090285 · Cited by 30
Euclides ab omni naevo vindicatus
Lucas, J. R. (1969) · The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1093/bjps/20.1.1 · Cited by 29
An Integrated Approach to Risk Assessments and Condition Surveys
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“The theory is derived from experimental information and is thought to place too much emphasis on differences in perception ( Gibson 1974, 1979 ).”
Method
Flying fruit flies correct for visual sideslip depending on relative speed of forward optic flow
Cabrera, S., & Theobald, J. C. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00076 · Cited by 29
Latency Correction Explains the Classical Geometrical Illusions
Changizi, M. A., & Widders, D. M. (2002) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p3412 · Cited by 29
Towards a definition of living systems: A theory of ecological support for behavior
Reed, E. S., & Jones, R. K. (1977) · Acta Biotheoretica · doi:10.1007/bf00048424 · Cited by 29
“A theory of objects which does not consider the mutual constraints of objects each upon the others in a real locale would be what Gibson (1950) pejoratively termed an air theory.”
Background
Using a proper orthogonal decomposition to elucidate features in granular flows
Higham, J., Shahnam, M., & Vaidheeswaran, A. (2020) · Granular Matter · doi:10.1007/s10035-020-01037-7 · Cited by 28
“The individual motions were determined by Optical Flow Equations using the LucasKanade method [16, 34, 35].”
Method
Space Perception of Strabismic Observers in the Real World Environment
Ooi, T. L., & He, Z. J. (2015) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.14-15741 · Cited by 28
Visually mediated eye movements regulate the capture of optic flow in self-motion perception
Kim, J., & Palmisano, S. A. (2009) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-009-2137-2 · Cited by 28
“Our ability to capture visual information about our environment is essential for us to experience our own self motion, as well as the motion of objects embedded in our visual world ( Gibson 1950 ).”
Background
Tracking and Abnormal Behavior Detection in Video Surveillance Using Optical Flow and Neural Networks
Rasheed, N., Khan, S. A., & Khalid, A. (2014) · International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA) · doi:10.1109/waina.2014.18 · Cited by 28

Authors: Gibson, J. J.
Corresponding author: Gibson, James J.
Venue: The American Journal of Psychology
Publisher: University of Illinois Press
Published: 1951-07
Volume: 64
Issue: 3
Pages: 440
ISSN: 0002-9556 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/1419017
OpenAlex: W4302313560
Cited by: 1,145
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 9.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The American Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
Keywords: visual perception, visual world

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