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An Attribution Model of Public Discrimination Towards Persons with Mental Illness
Abstract
In this study, we build on previous work by developing and estimating a model of the relationships between causal attributions (e.g., controllability, responsibility), familiarity with mental illness, dangerousness, emotional responses (e.g., pity, anger, fear), and helping and rejecting responses. Using survey data containing responses to hypothetical vignettes, we examine these relationships in a sample of 518 community college students. Consistent with attribution theory, causal attributions affect beliefs about persons' responsibility for causing their condition, beliefs which in turn lead to affective reactions, resulting in rejecting responses such as avoidance, coercion, segregation, and withholding help. However, consistent with a danger appraisal hypothesis, the effects of perceptions of dangerousness on helping and rejecting responses are unmediated by responsibility beliefs. Much of the dangerousness effects operate by increasing fear, a particularly strong predictor of support for coercive treatment. The results from this study also suggest that familiarity with mental illness reduces discriminatory responses.
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“Community stigma was operationalized using a 12-item scale adapted from Corrigan et al.'s Attribution Questionnaire [29]”
From Co-creating systems change for mental health: a theory of change approach from the MeHPriC initiative in Lagos, Nigeria (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
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Boysen, G. A. (2011) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2010.481689 · Cited by 24
“Finally, participants completed a shortened version of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Strahan & Gerbasi, 1972) and a measure of contact with the stigmatized groups (Corrigan et al., 2003) so that they could be explored as covariates.”
BackgroundMethodAhmedani, B. K., Kubiak, S. P., Kessler, R. C., de Graaf, R., Alonso, J., Bruffaerts, R., Zarkov, Z., Viana, M. C., Huang, Y. Q., Hu, C., et al. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171200298x · Cited by 24
“2010), and the mass media sustain negative portrayal of these conditions (Corrigan et al. 2003; Dietrich et al. 2006; Klin and Lemish, 2008; Sayce, 2000).”
BackgroundBoysen, G. (2017) · Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2016.1181600 · Cited by 21
“Pity is typically conceptualized as a positive emotion in the mental illness stigma literature (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
BackgroundEmphasizing Bloom’s Affective Domain to Reduce Pharmacy Students’ Stigmatizing Attitudes
Muzyk, A. J., Lentz, K., Green, C. L., Fuller, S. H., May, D. B., & Roukema, L. (2017) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe81235 · Cited by 28
“The AQ-27 is published on MedEdPORTAL(21) and has demonstrated good test-retest reliability.(20,22) The psychopharmacotherapeutic module was created for third-year pharmacy students enrolled in the Pharmacotherapeutics course at Campbell University College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences (CPHS).”
MethodMental and Physical Health Consequences of the Stigma Associated with Mental Illnesses
Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C., & Sullivan, G. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.26 · Cited by 24
Grover, S., Nebhinani, N., Chakrabarti, S., Shah, R., & Avasthi, A. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 24
Effect of brief motivational interviewing on stigmatised attitudes towards mental illness
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Social exclusion in psychotic disorders: An interactional processing model
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Self-Stigma Among People With Mental Health Problems in Terms of Warmth and Competence
Gärtner, L., Asbrock, F., Euteneuer, F., Rief, W., & Salzmann, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.877491 · Cited by 29
“, 2002) because it seems promising to integrate findings from related theories like attribution theory (Corrigan et al., 2003) or intergroup contact (Kotzur et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialHow Does Direct to Consumer Advertising Affect the Stigma of Mental Illness?
Corrigan, P. W., Kosyluk, K. A., Fokuo, J. K., & Park, J. (2014) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-014-9698-7 · Cited by 23
“Research suggests people viewed as ‘‘not to blame’’ for their disorder are more likely to be viewed sympathetically and more likely to be helped by others (Corrigan et al. 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWerner, S., & Araten‐Bergman, T. (2017) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2017.1284288 · Cited by 22
“Following each vignette, participants completed an adapted version of the Attribution Questionnaire 27 (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
InfluentialIllness Labels and Social Distance
Kroska, A., Harkness, S. K., Thomas, L. S., & Brown, R. P. (2014) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/2156869314521431 · Cited by 24
“…experiments do not include conditions wherein the vignette character is symptom free but carries a diagnosis (Angermeyer and Matschinger 1996; Corrigan et al. 2003; Martin, Pescosolido, and Tuch 2000; Pescosolido et al. 2010; Phelan 2005; Schnittker 2000; Socall and Holtgraves 1992),1 a…”
BackgroundEffects of a Documentary Film on Public Stigma Related to Mental Illness Among Genetic Counselors
Anderson, K. K., & Austin, J. (2011) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1007/s10897-011-9414-5 · Cited by 23
“…Genetics, Rm A3-112 - 3rd Floor, CFRI Translational Lab Building, 938 W28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada e-mail: Jehannine.austin@ubc.ca Corrigan et al. 2003; Corrigan et al. 2007; Faigin and Stein 2008; Mann and Himelein 2008; Penn et al. 1994; Reinke et al. 2004) police (Watson et…”
BackgroundSubstance use stigma: A systematic review of measures and their psychometric properties
Spata, A., Gupta, I., Lear, M. K., Lunze, K., & Luoma, J. B. (2024) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports · doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2024.100237 · Cited by 24
“The AQ-SUD was adapted from the Attribution Questionnaire-27 (Corrigan et al., 2003) and has 18 items.”
MethodGuarniero, F. B., Bellinghini, R. H., & Gattaz, W. F. (2012) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/s0101-60832012000300002 · Cited by 22
Health Literacy and Perceptions of Stigma
Mackert, M., Mabry‐Flynn, A., Donovan, E. E., Champlin, S., & Pounders, K. R. (2019) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2019.1678705 · Cited by 22
“Vignettes were adapted from previous research on stigma related to mental illness (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
MethodHamza, C. A., Robinson, K., Hasking, P. A., Heath, N. L., Lewis, S. P., Lloyd‐Richardson, E. E., Whitlock, J. L., & Wilson, M. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1961782 · Cited by 22
“Participants also completed an adapted version of the short form Attribution Questionnaire (AQ-9) 57 to assess personal stigma toward NSSI.”
BackgroundMethodStigma towards Mental Disorders among Nursing Students and Professionals: A Bibliometric Analysis
Martínez‐Martínez, C., Claramunt, F. E., Prieto-Callejero, B., & Ramos‐Pichardo, J. D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031839 · Cited by 22
Patton, E. (2022) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-09-2021-0228 · Cited by 30
Sumnall, H. R., Atkinson, A. M., Montgomery, C., Maynard, O., & Nicholls, J. Q. (2022) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103909 · Cited by 26
Attitudes Toward Community Mental Health Care: The Contact Paradox Revisited
Pattyn, E. L. J., Verhaeghe, M., & Bracke, P. (2012) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-012-9564-4 · Cited by 22
Does Humor Influence the Stigma of Mental Illnesses?
Corrigan, P. W., Powell, K. J., Fokuo, J. K., & Kosyluk, K. A. (2014) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000138 · Cited by 22
“In the full AQ (Corrigan et al., 2003; Reinke et al., 2004), participants answer 27 items (e.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationThe effects of pity on self- and other-perceptions of mental illness
Fominaya, A. W., Corrigan, P. W., & Rüsch, N. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.058 · Cited by 23
Self-citationStigma Toward People with Mental Illness as Potential Sexual and Romantic Partners
Boysen, G. A. (2017) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-017-0089-5 · Cited by 22
“In terms of discrimination, there is a willingness to coerce and withhold help from people with mental illness, and there is a tendency to socially distance individuals with mental illness (Corrigan 2004; Corrigan et al. 2003; Jorm and Oh 2009).”
Stolzenburg, S., Freitag, S., Schmidt, S., & Schomerus, G. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.014 · Cited by 22
“This personal experience might make them particularly susceptible to the prevalent public stereotype that persons with mental illness are unpredictable and dangerous (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
Stigma about mental disease in Portuguese medical students: a cross-sectional study
Moreira, A.-R., Oura, M.-J., & Santos, P. (2021) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-021-02714-8 · Cited by 24
“Corrigan P.”
BackgroundInfluentialAttitudes to obesity among rehabilitation health professionals in Australia.
Wise, F. M., Harris, D. W., & Olver, J. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 22
Retraction Stigma and its Communication via Retraction Notices
Xu, S. B., & Hu, G. (2022) · Minerva · doi:10.1007/s11024-022-09465-w · Cited by 25
“The call for differential handling of research and publication misbehaviors is compatible with the assumption underlying attribution theory that blame and negative reactions to people are positively correlated with their personal accountability for their own conditions (Weiner 1995; Corrigan et al. 2003).”
BackgroundLinden, M. A., & Redpath, S. J. (2011) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.05.011 · Cited by 26
“Behaviour is then determined by a cognitive–emotional process whereby the attribution of responsibility for a negative outcome results in anger and discrimination, whilst the determination that an individual is not responsible can lead to pity and the desire to help (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialStigma in substance-based and behavioural addictions: A systematic review
Galanis, C. R., Leske, M., Hamamura, T., Weber, N., Hing, N., Delfabbro, P., & King, D. L. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2024.00072 · Cited by 31
“Eleven categories were generated based on Attribution Theory and the Danger Appraisal Hypothesis (Corrigan, Markowitz, Watson, Rowan, & Kubiak, 2003) and were guided by additional papers on the broader (Corrigan, 2000; Corri-gan et al., 2001, 2009; Link & Phelan, 2001, 2004).”
InfluentialPonzini, G. T., & Schofield, C. A. (2019) · Stigma and Health · doi:10.1037/sah0000163 · Cited by 22
Social Stigma Towards People with Medically Unexplained Symptoms: the Somatic Symptom Disorder
Eger, M. (2020) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-019-09704-6 · Cited by 21
“Even though previous findings show that using vignettes intensifies the effect size compared to the standard surveys [32], according to Link and his colleagues, 2004 [44], “vignettes are hypothetical and abstracted from ‘real life’ experience” (p.”
BackgroundResultSumnall, H. R., Hamilton, I., Atkinson, A. M., Montgomery, C., & Gage, S. H. (2020) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2020.1820450 · Cited by 22
“This increases the likelihood of preference for discriminatory and punitive responses to the individual, decreases pity, and underlies stigmatising attitudes (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethodPublic Opinion on the Sexuality of People with Intellectual Disabilities: A Review of the Literature
Lam, A. Y. K., Yau, M. K.-S., Franklin, R. C., & Leggat, P. A. (2021) · Sexuality and Disability · doi:10.1007/s11195-020-09674-9 · Cited by 21
Zwar, L., Angermeyer, M. C., Matschinger, H., Riedel-Heller, S. G., König, H., & Hajek, A. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11955-7 · Cited by 26
“This study focuses on public stigma because it allows the assessment of the social evaluation by the society that is the basis of stigma and can influence other forms of stigma, like self-perceived stigma [12, 16, 17].”
BackgroundWard features affecting stigma experiences in contemporary psychiatric hospitals: a multilevel study
Verhaeghe, M., & Bracke, P. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0314-4 · Cited by 21
“Most studies that do pay attention to determinants of stigma focus on the stigmatizing, not the stigmatized, persons; they typically examine determinants of stigmatizing attitudes in the general public [6, 7, 18–20, 49].”
BackgroundDisclosure of Attention–Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder May Minimize Risk of Social Rejection
Mano, K. E. J., Berlin, K. S., Sato, A. F., & Davies, W. H. (2007) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.2007.70.3.274 · Cited by 26
Carver, L., Morley, S., & Taylor, P. (2016) · Illness Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/1054137316675715 · Cited by 21
Association of internalized stigma and insight in patients with schizophrenia
Grover, S., Sahoo, S., Chakrabarti, S., & Avasthi, A. (2017) · International Journal of Culture and Mental Health · doi:10.1080/17542863.2017.1381750 · Cited by 20
Parrish, E. M., Kim, N. S., Woodberry, K. A., & Friedman‐Yakoobian, M. S. (2018) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12691 · Cited by 21
“We prepared a 12-item measure of familiarity with people who have experienced psychotic symptoms based on a measure of familiarity with people who have mental illness (see Appendix B; Corrigan et al., 2003; Holmes et al., 1999).”
MethodStructural Barriers to Citizenship: A Mental Health Provider Perspective
Clayton, A. R., Miller, R. A., Gambino, M., Rowe, M., & Ponce, A. N. (2019) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-019-00490-w · Cited by 21
The impact of Crisis Intervention Team Training for police
Hassell, K. D. (2020) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1177/1461355720909404 · Cited by 21
“The emergency detention decision may also carry with it all of the effects of the stigma, trauma and embarrassment of being arrested for criminal conduct, as emergency detention processes simulate, to some degree and in some cases, arrest processes (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
BackgroundOrganizational and Individual Level Determinants of Stigmatization in Mental Health Services
Verhaeghe, M., & Bracke, P. (2007) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-007-9083-x · Cited by 21
“…(Phillips, 1967), contact (Huxley, 1993a), or familiarity (Corrigan, Markowitz, Watson, Rowan, & Kubiak, 2003) with persons with mental health problems, whereas visibility (Huxley, 1993b) and attributions (Corrigan et al., 2003) are mentioned among aspects related with the type of illness.”
BackgroundBoysen, G., & Gabreski, J. D. (2012) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.8.852 · Cited by 20
“, grabbing a police officer’s gun, attacking his landlady), and the other did not (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
BackgroundRobinson, S. M. (2016) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2016.1268239 · Cited by 21
Spousal Problems and Family-to-Work Conflict Among Employed US Adults
Fettro, M. N., & Nomaguchi, K. M. (2017) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-017-9555-2 · Cited by 20
“Although there has been an increase in awareness of poor mental health and behavioral disorders as medical issues, stigma against these conditions remains (Corrigan et al. 2003).”
Attribution Theory, Bystander Effect and Willingness to Intervene in Intimate Partner Violence
Wijaya, C. N., Roberts, L. D., & Kane, R. T. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260521997945 · Cited by 20
“Internal reliability has been demonstrated previously (α = .89; Corrigan et al., 2003) and in the current sample for both victim (α = .”
BackgroundInfluentialThe effect of person‐first language on attitudes toward people with addiction
Baker, E. A., Hamilton, M., Culpepper, D., McCune, G., & Silone, G. (2022) · Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling · doi:10.1002/jaoc.12102 · Cited by 27
Wiley, A., & Siperstein, G. N. (2011) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/019874291003600305 · Cited by 21
Stigmatised attitudes towards intellectual disability: a randomised crossover trial
Varughese, S. J., & Luty, J. S. (2010) · The Psychiatrist · doi:10.1192/pb.bp.109.027789 · Cited by 20
Social Work Faculty and Mental Illness Stigma
Watson, A. C., Fulambarker, A. J., Kondrat, D. C., Holley, L. C., Kranke, D. A., Wilkins, B., Stromwall, L. K., & Eack, S. M. (2017) · Journal of Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/10437797.2016.1260506 · Cited by 20
“Consistent with numerous prior studies (Boyd, Katz, Link, & Phelan, 2010; Corrigan et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2012), survey respondents with personal familiarity with mental illnesses had the most positive attitudes.”
ResultSelf-citationAhmed, S., Birtel, M. D., Pyle, M., & Morrison, A. P. (2019) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2437 · Cited by 29
“turn can lead to discriminatory behavior such as withholding help and rejection (avoidance, recommendations for segregation and coercion) (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
InfluentialScoping Review of Questionnaires on Stigma of Mental Illness in Persian
Rezvanifar, F., Shariat, S. V., Amini, H., Rasoulian, M., & Shalbafan, M. (2020) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/ijpcp.26.2.2619.1 · Cited by 20
Zhang, Y., Lu, Y., Jin, Y., & Wang, Y. (2020) · Journal of Communications In Healthcare · doi:10.1080/17538068.2020.1858220 · Cited by 21
Sarge, M. A., Kim, H.-S., & Velez, J. A. (2020) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2019.0678 · Cited by 23
“34 Although these scales are often referred to in previous research by one particular emotional reaction (i.e., pity or sympathy), each includes items that assess pity, sympathy, concern, and care.”
Less than human: dehumanisation of people who use heroin
Sumnall, H. R., Atkinson, A. M., Gage, S. H., Hamilton, I., & Montgomery, C. (2021) · Health Education · doi:10.1108/he-07-2021-0099 · Cited by 25
Mental Health, Legal Capacity, and Human Rights
(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108979016 · Cited by 21
Perry, B. L., Felix, E., Bolton, M., Pullen, E. L., & Pescosolido, B. A. (2022) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465211072311 · Cited by 19
“Studies have found that interpersonal contact reduces fear, perceptions of dangerousness, attributions of personal responsibility for mental illness, and desire for social distance and improves supportive and sympathetic reactions (Boyd et al. 2010; Corrigan et al. 2003).”
BackgroundChan, K. K. S., Leung, D. C. K., & Fung, W. T. W. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221093110 · Cited by 25
“Discrimination refers to stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors directed toward individuals with attributes that are perceived as abnormal or discrediting (Corrigan et al., 2003; Goffman, 1963).”
BackgroundWhite, R. M. B., Baldwin, M. L., & Cang, X. (2023) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323231160108 · Cited by 21
“, the person is malingering), and that persons with mental illness are dangerous, incompetent, unpredictable, and unreliable (Corrigan, 2000; Corrigan et al., 2003; Toth & Dewa, 2014).”
BackgroundBennett, B. L., & Puhl, R. M. (2023) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110827 · Cited by 25
“Participants’ beliefs regarding attributions of personal responsibility and blame of people with obesity were assessed using three questions previously tested [33] for assessing perceived blame of persons with stigmatized conditions, originally adapted from other scales [34,35].”
MethodD, D. M. M., Ounpraseuth, S., Reaves, C. M., Chekuri, L., Han, X., Corrigan, P. W., & Sullivan, G. (2015) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201400455 · Cited by 19
Self-citationHowell, A. J., Ulan, J. A., & Powell, R. A. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.03.008 · Cited by 19
Werner, S. (2012) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/hls010 · Cited by 19
‘Healthy’ individuals’ perceptions of type 1 and type 2 diabetes cause and management
Anderson-Lister, G., & Treharne, G. J. (2013) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105313490315 · Cited by 19
“Next, they completed questions about their experience with individuals with diabetes, taken from the familiarity subscale of the Mental Illness Attribution Questionnaire (Corrigan et al., 2003) and adapted for use with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.”
Mental Illness Stigma Intervention in African Americans
Vinson, E. S., Abdullah, T., & Brown, T. L. (2016) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000458 · Cited by 19
“, 1987), which assesses the extent to which respondents would be willing to interact socially with a person with a mental illness, and the Attribution Questionnaire 20 (AQ-20; Brown, 2008; Corrigan et al., 2003), which measures various attitudes and beliefs about a person with a mental illness.”
BackgroundGuarniero, F. B., Bellinghini, R. H., & Gattaz, W. F. (2017) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2017.1285976 · Cited by 19
Kosyluk, K. A., Marshall, J., Macias, D. R., Andrus, D., Guerra, D., Robinson, M., Ostos, A., & Chapman, S. (2018) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-018-0238-8 · Cited by 19
Hildebrandt, T., Bode, L., & Ng, J. S. C. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029747 · Cited by 20
“5 public opinion, especially on health matters[8]; problems seen as resulting from”
BackgroundWerner, P., Raviv-Turgeman, L., & Corrigan, P. W. (2020) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-1505-4 · Cited by 21
Self-citationDonaldson, P., Langham, E., Best, T., & Browne, M. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Issues · doi:10.4309/jgi.2015.31.8 · Cited by 19
The Stigmatization of Drug Use as Mechanism of Legitimation of Exclusion
Santos da Silveira, P., Andrade de Tostes, J. G., Wan, H. T., Ronzani, T. M., & Corrigan, P. W. (2018) · Drugs and Social Context · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72446-1_2 · Cited by 18
“” Three emotional responses mediate stereotyping and subsequent discriminatory behavior (Corrigan et al. 2003; Pingani et al. 2012): (1) fear, causing unfair discrimination that undermines personal goals related to work, independent living, relationships, and health; (2) blame (believing people caused their addiction)…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPatient Perceptions of Weight Stigma Experiences in Healthcare: A Qualitative Analysis
Robinson, K. M., Robinson, K. A., Scherer, A. M., & Mackin, M. L. (2024) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.70013 · Cited by 24
“Attribution Theory has been used previously to explain discrimination and stigmatization in other health conditions such as mental illness, addiction and COVID ‐ 19 [18].”
MethodWhat’s in a Name? Evaluating the Public Stigma of Gambling Disorder
Quigley, L., Prentice, J. L., Warren, J. T., Quilty, L. C., Dobson, K. S., & Hodgins, D. C. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09924-2 · Cited by 18
“Perceived Dangerousness Consistent with the danger appraisal hypothesis (Corrigan et al. 2003), previous studies have found that the perceived dangerousness of a condition is associated with stigmatization (Horch and Hodgins 2008; Hing et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialPinto, I. C., Bernardo, M., de Sousa, S., & Curral, R. (2020) · Porto Biomedical Journal · doi:10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000074 · Cited by 18
“It is also stated that the contact with a close situation, in this case with the self, is intimately related to predisposition to help people with mental illness.(33,34) This difference in Help was also showed in a Portuguese study with university students conducted by Barbosa.”
ResultGalanis, C. R., Weber, N., Delfabbro, P., Billieux, J., & King, D. L. (2023) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16211 · Cited by 22
“Higher scores indicate greater endorsement of each dimension [29].”
BackgroundInfluentialRodríguez‐Rivas, M. E., Cangas, A. J., Martin, A., Romo, J., Pérez, J. C., Valdebenito, S., Cariola, L. A., Onetto, J., Hernández, B., Cerić, F., et al. (2023) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2023.0118 · Cited by 22
“31 It presents a vignette of a case of a person diagnosed with schizophrenia, where various stereotypes and prejudices are assessed and measured.”
Self-citationFactors Affecting Mental Health Service Utilization Among Deployed Military Personnel
Christensen, B. N., & Yaffe, J. (2012) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-11-00353 · Cited by 18
Assessing the factorial structure of the mental illness public stigma in Spain
Saavedra, J., Sánchez, S. Á., Corrigan, P. W., & López, M. (2020) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2019.1710769 · Cited by 18
“Originally it was structured in nine factors (responsibility, pity, anger, dangerousness, fear, avoidance, coercion, no help, and segregation) [1,13].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSastre‐Rus, M., Tomás‐Sábado, J., Juliá‐Sanchis, R., Roldán-Merino, J. F., Llobet, M. P., & Lluch‐Canut, T. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15467 · Cited by 18
Causal attributions and attitudes toward lung cancer
Hamann, H. A., Howell, L. A., & McDonald, J. L. (2013) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12053 · Cited by 18
What Is the Truth? An Application of the Extended Parallel Process Model to Televised Truth® Ads
LaVoie, N. R., & Quick, B. L. (2013) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.728467 · Cited by 18
Ramírez-Valles, J., Kuhns, L. M., & Manjarrez, D. (2013) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.821555 · Cited by 21
“We combined and adapted these measures by creating and adding items which reflect theoretical aspects of stigmatization (e.g., blame, social distance; Corrigan et al., 2003).”
MethodSocial Distance in COVID-19: Drawing the line between protective behavior and stigma manifestation
Economou, M. P. (2021) · Psychiatriki · doi:10.22365/jpsych.2021.025 · Cited by 18
Rey, C. N., Kurti, A. N., Badger, G. J., Cohen, A. H., & Heil, S. H. (2019) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-019-00345-6 · Cited by 17
Does Youth Net Decrease Mental Illness Stigma in High School Students?
O’Mara, L., Akhtar‐Danesh, N., BROWNE, G. B., Mueller, D., Grypstra, L., Vrkljan, C., & Powell, M. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health · doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2013-023 · Cited by 17
“Why am I like this?” Consumers discuss their causal beliefs and stigma
Larkings, J. S., Brown, P. M., & Scholz, B. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.2017.1304076 · Cited by 17
“These inferences about causality and responsibility result in emotional reactions which influence behavior and stigma [18].”
BackgroundWerner, P., Jabel, H. A., Reuveni, Y., & Prilutzki, D. (2017) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2017.1376461 · Cited by 17
Effects of Perceived Public Regard on the Well-Being of Military Veterans
Markowitz, F. E., Kintzle, S. M., Castro, C. A., & Lancaster, S. L. (2019) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/2156869319894372 · Cited by 17
“Research suggests that in crisis situations, including those involving veterans, when mental health problems are attributed to external rather than internal causes, persons are somewhat more sympathetic and less punitive and favor more therapeutic responses (Corrigan et al. 2003; Hipes and Gemoets 2019; Markowitz and…”
BackgroundSelf-citationNitzan, A., & Orkibi, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661831 · Cited by 20
Diabetes causal attributions: Pathways to stigma and health.
Persky, S., Costabile, K. A., & Telaak, S. H. (2021) · Stigma and Health · doi:10.1037/sah0000312 · Cited by 17
Ross, A., Morgan, A. J., Wake, A. N., Jorm, A. F., & Reavley, N. J. (2021) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/18387357.2021.1942101 · Cited by 17
Wang, W., Cui, H., Zhang, W., Xu, X., & Dong, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.754774 · Cited by 17
“Questionnaires used in these studies included the Struening Devaluation Scale (22) the Mass Discrimination Scal (23), the Link Perceived Devaluation Discrimination Scale (24) the Psychiatric Attitude Questionnaire (25, 26), and the Attitude Style Questionnaire (27).”
MethodLabeling, causal attributions, and social network ties to people with mental illness
Pullen, E. L., Ekl, E. A., Felix, E., Turner, C., Perry, B. L., & Pescosolido, B. A. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114646 · Cited by 17
The Impact of COVID-19 on Americans’ Attitudes toward China: Does Local Incidence Rate Matter?
He, Q. R., Zhang, Z., & Xie, Y. (2022) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/01902725211072773 · Cited by 18
“This response is due to pathogeninduced reactions that activate groupbased aversive perceptions and aggressive behaviors against those deemed to be at high risk for disease transmission (Weiner 1995; Corrigan et al. 2003).”
BackgroundThe Opioid Epidemic and the State of Stigma: A Pennsylvania Statewide Survey
Kaynak, Ö., Whipple, C. R., Bonnevie, E., Grossman, J. A., Saylor, E., Stefanko, M., McKeon, C., Smyser, J., & Kensinger, W. S. (2022) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2022.2064506 · Cited by 19
“Previous research on age and stigmatizing attitudes has been mixed with some studies showing an increase in stigma as age increases (Ewalds-Kvist et al., 2013; Sattler et al., 2017) and others finding no relation (Corrigan et al., 2003; Pescosolido, 2013; Sorsdahl et al., 2012).”
ResultStigmatizing attitudes towards depression among university students in Syria
Swed, S., Sohib, S., Hassan, N. A. I. F., Almoshantaf, M. B., Alkadi, S. M. S., AbdelQadir, Y. H., Ibrahim, N., Khairy, L. T., Bakkour, A., Muwaili, A. H. H., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273483 · Cited by 16
“This is almost because the general public considers them dangerous and responsible for their behavior (controllability and responsibility) [21].”
BackgroundMulay, A. L., Vayshenker, B., West, M., & Kelly, E. (2016) · International Journal of Forensic Mental Health · doi:10.1080/14999013.2016.1208308 · Cited by 17
Public perceptions of self-harm—A test of an attribution model of public discrimination.
Nielsen, E., & Townsend, E. (2017) · Stigma and Health · doi:10.1037/sah0000090 · Cited by 21
“The Attribution Questionnaire (AQ27; Corrigan et al., 2003) is a 27-item self-report measure that assesses attitudes, emotions and behavioral responding (helping, avoidance, segregation, coercion).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKnettel, B. A. (2017) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2017.1329738 · Cited by 17
“…including only biogenetic and psychosocial attributions at the opposite ends of a single continuum (Mannarini & Boffo, 2013, 2015), or by focusing on whether a mental illness was perceived as within or outside a person’s control (Corrigan et al., 2003; Stump, LaPergola, Cross, & Else-Quest, 2016).”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Corrigan, P., Markowitz, F. E., Watson, A., Rowan, D., & Kubiak, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Northern Illinois University (US)
- Prairie State College (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 162
- ISSN
- 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2104804522
- Cited by
- 1,407
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 73 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 19.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r24mh062198-06)
- National Institute of Mental Health (5 R24 MH62198)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- mental illness, causal attribution, attribution theory, perceived dangerousness, responsibility beliefs, fear, pity, anger, rejection response, involuntary treatment, segregation, community college students, stigma
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attitude to Health, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Prejudice, Social Environment, Stereotyping, Students, Universities, Midwestern United States, Behavioral Research
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