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An Attribution Model of Public Discrimination Towards Persons with Mental Illness
Abstract
In this study, we build on previous work by developing and estimating a model of the relationships between causal attributions (e.g., controllability, responsibility), familiarity with mental illness, dangerousness, emotional responses (e.g., pity, anger, fear), and helping and rejecting responses. Using survey data containing responses to hypothetical vignettes, we examine these relationships in a sample of 518 community college students. Consistent with attribution theory, causal attributions affect beliefs about persons' responsibility for causing their condition, beliefs which in turn lead to affective reactions, resulting in rejecting responses such as avoidance, coercion, segregation, and withholding help. However, consistent with a danger appraisal hypothesis, the effects of perceptions of dangerousness on helping and rejecting responses are unmediated by responsibility beliefs. Much of the dangerousness effects operate by increasing fear, a particularly strong predictor of support for coercive treatment. The results from this study also suggest that familiarity with mental illness reduces discriminatory responses.
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“Community stigma was operationalized using a 12-item scale adapted from Corrigan et al.'s Attribution Questionnaire [29]”
From Co-creating systems change for mental health: a theory of change approach from the MeHPriC initiative in Lagos, Nigeria (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
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“This measure was derived from the original Attribution Questionnaire-27 (AQ-27; Corrigan et al., 2003; Corrigan et al., 2002) that assesses nine constructs: responsibility, pity, anger, dangerousness, fear, help, coercion, segregation, and avoidance.”
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Self-citationStigma and GPs’ perceptions of dementia
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Self-citationPolice responses to persons with mental illness: does the label matter?
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Self-citationDiversity representation in advertising
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“For non-marginalized consumers, viewing diversity can evoke a range of emotions including fear and aversion , disgust and repulsion , and pity and empathy (e.g., Corrigan et al., 2003; Yeh et al., 2017).”
Sikorski, C., Luppa, M., Brähler, E., König, H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046924 · Cited by 93
“In previous studies, vignettes have been used to induce vivid pictures of the depicted individuals, especially in the field of mental health research [18;22] and attribution theory [23].”
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Hing, N., Holdsworth, L., Tiyce, M., & Breen, H. M. (2013) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2013.841722 · Cited by 93
“Stereotypes are collectively held beliefs about members of a social group that allow people to quickly generate impressions and expectations (Corrigan et al., 2003; Goffman, 1963).”
BackgroundMedical Students’ Attitudes towards Overweight and Obesity
Pantenburg, B., Sikorski, C., Luppa, M., Schomerus, G., König, H., Werner, P., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048113 · Cited by 92
“The use of vignettes was adopted from the field of mental health research where they are frequently employed to assess stigmatizing attitudes by describing a hypothetical patient [30–32].”
MethodRüsch, N., Todd, A. R., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Corrigan, P. W. (2010) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-010-0111-4 · Cited by 92
“Both groups of participants completed Corrigan’s Attribution Questionnaire [7] to assess two typical negative attitudes, namely that people with mental illness (a) are responsible for their condition (Cronbach’s alpha 0.”
BackgroundSelf-citationReducing Stigma Towards Substance Users Through an Educational Intervention: Harder Than It Looks
Crapanzano, K. A., Vath, R. J., & Fisher, D. L. (2014) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-014-0067-1 · Cited by 92
Hing, N., Russell, A. M. T., Gainsbury, S., & Nuske, E. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9580-8 · Cited by 92
“A second explanation for mental illness stigma, the danger appraisal hypothesis (Corrigan et al. 2003), accounts for a fear response to stigmatising attributes.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBingham, H. M., & O'Brien, A. J. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12322 · Cited by 89
Evidence for blatant dehumanization of mental illness and its relation to stigma
Boysen, G. A., Isaacs, R. A., Tretter, L., & Markowski, S. (2019) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2019.1671301 · Cited by 101
“For the mental illness stigma portion of the survey, participants used a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) to complete seven measures adapted from previous research (Corrigan et al., 2003; Crandall, 1991).”
BackgroundMethodOliveira, A. M., Machado, D., Fonseca, J. B., Palha, F., Moreira, P. S., Sousa, N., Cerqueira, J., & Morgado, P. F. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00326 · Cited by 92
“Therefore, these negative beliefs give rise to a wide range of stigmatizing discriminatory attitudes including coercion (mandatory treatment), segregation (treating patients away from society), avoidance, and hostile behavior (physical maltreatment or threats of harm) (4).”
BackgroundThe Relationship Between Mental Health Problems and Violence Among Criminal Offenders
Silver, E., Felson, R. B., & VanEseltine, M. (2008) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854807312851 · Cited by 101
Reported stigma and discrimination by people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia
Rose, D. S., Willis, R. F., Brohan, E., Sartorius, N., Villares, C. C., Wahlbeck, K., & Thornicroft, G. (2011) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796011000254 · Cited by 89
“2001; Corrigan et al. 2003). These concepts refer to personal reactions to stigmatisation and generally focus on attributes such as depression and low selfworth (Markowitz, 1998). The self-stigma literature is a socio-psychological one and thus focuses on the internalization of social actions to produce certain psycho…”
BackgroundAttribution Model of Stigma towards Children with Autism in Hong Kong
Ling, C. Y. M., Mak, W. W. S., & Cheng, J. N. S. (2008) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2008.00456.x · Cited by 87
How Children Stigmatize People With Mental Illness
Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2007) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764007078359 · Cited by 86
“…and research on mental illness stigma has been signifi cantly advanced through a translational research agenda; i.e. enhancing theoretical and methodological approaches to mental health issues by extrapolating related ideas from basic behavioral research (Corrigan et al., 2003a).”
BackgroundSelf-citationUnderstanding public stigma toward substance dependence
Janulis, P. F., Ferrari, J. R., & Fowler, P. J. (2013) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12070 · Cited by 86
Experiences of stigma by association among family members of people with mental illness.
van der Sanden, R. L. M., Bos, A. E. R., Stutterheim, S. E., Pryor, J. B., & Kok, G. (2013) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031752 · Cited by 86
Boysen, G. A., Ebersole, A., Casner, R. W., & Coston, N. (2014) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2014.953028 · Cited by 114
“For the stigma survey, participants rated the disorders using the anger, fear, lack of helping, lack of pity, personal responsibility, and segregation scales adapted from Corrigan et al. (2003).”
BackgroundMethodThe Stigma of Diseases: Unequal Burden, Uneven Decline
Best, R. K., & Arseniev‐Koehler, A. (2023) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224231197436 · Cited by 97
Palamar, J., Kiang, M., & Halkitis, P. (2011) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2011.596606 · Cited by 79
Competing perspectives on erasing the stigma of illness: What says the dodo bird?
Corrigan, P. W., & Fong, M. W. M. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.05.027 · Cited by 89
Self-citationYeung, N. C. Y., Lü, Q., & Mak, W. W. S. (2019) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-018-4630-2 · Cited by 80
Carrara, B. S., Fernandes, R. H. H., Bobbili, S. J., & Ventura, C. A. A. (2021) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020985891 · Cited by 82
“Email: caaventu@eerp.usp.br stigma conveyed by health care providers is linked to low help-seeking behaviors as well as to the low adherence to mental health treatments among those living with a mental illness (Corrigan, 2004; Corrigan et al., 2003; Peluso & Blay, 2004; Rüsch et al., 2005).”
Stigma towards Marijuana Users and Heroin Users
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“This four-item scale was adapted from the four items of the Forcing Treatment subscale of the Attribution Scale (Brown 2008; Corrigan et al. 2003), which focused on mental illness.”
MethodGiamos, D., Lee, A. Y. S., Suleiman, A., Stuart, H. L., & Chen, S. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.47678/cjhe.v47i3.187957 · Cited by 79
The specificity of public stigma: A comparison of suicide and depression-related stigma
Sheehan, L. L., Dubke, R. E., & Corrigan, P. W. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.015 · Cited by 79
“Vignettes were adapted from an existing measure of mental illness stigma, the Attribution Questionnaire (AQ-27; Corrigan et al., 2003) and were presented to a small sample (n=8) for feedback.”
Self-citationChien, W. T., Yeung, F. K. K., & Chan, A. H. L. (2012) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-012-0463-3 · Cited by 78
“Third, it was hypothesized that, with reference to the attribution model (Corrigan et al. 2003), the extent of restriction endorsed by the mental health professionals would positively associate with their level of stereotypes toward people with mental illness.”
BackgroundDoes Believing Homosexuality Is Innate Increase Support for Gay Rights?
Lewis, G. B. (2009) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2009.00330.x · Cited by 77
Shifting ground: The variable use of essentialism in contexts of inclusion and exclusion
Morton, T. A., Hornsey, M. J., & Postmes, T. (2008) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466607x270287 · Cited by 77
Quality of Life and Self-Stigma in Individuals with Schizophrenia
Tang, I.-C., & Wu, H. (2012) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-012-9218-2 · Cited by 76
Pelleboer-Gunnink, H. A., van Weeghel, J., & Embregts, P. J. C. M. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2019.1630678 · Cited by 76
“previous study in the field of psychiatry (2003) [31].”
Stigma in the workplace: Employer attitudes about people with HIV in Beijing, Hong Kong, and Chicago
Rao, D., Angell, B., Lam, C. S., & Corrigan, P. W. (2008) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.07.024 · Cited by 82
Self-citationMannarini, S., & Boffo, M. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0925-x · Cited by 75
Corrigan, P. W., & Bink, A. B. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397045-9.00170-1 · Cited by 80
Self-citationMaunder, R. D., White, F. A., & Verrelli, S. (2019) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430218794873 · Cited by 73
“Although it is intuitive to expect fear, anger, and pity to be the most relevant emotions elicited by people with schizophrenia (Corrigan et al., 2003), researchers are encouraged to consider the mediating role of other group-targeted emotions, such as admiration and contempt.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAttitudes of Health Care Professionals towards Female Obese Patients
Sikorski, C., Luppa, M., Glaesmer, H., Brähler, E., König, H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2013) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000356692 · Cited by 74
Changing public stigma with continuum beliefs
Corrigan, P. W., Schmidt, A., Bink, A. B., Nieweglowski, K., Al‐Khouja, M., Qin, S., & Discont, S. T. (2016) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2016.1207224 · Cited by 73
“Stigma is assessed in the CASC using the eight-item version of the Attribution Questionnaire (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
MethodSelf-citationImplementing a Brief Hallucination Simulation as a Mental Illness Stigma Reduction Strategy
Brown, S. A. (2009) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-009-9229-0 · Cited by 73
What is a mental illness? Public views and their effects on attitudes and disclosure
Rüsch, N., Evans-Lacko, S. E., & Thornicroft, G. (2012) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867412438873 · Cited by 73
“Previous research found that higher perceived responsibility was related to increased fear and anger and reduced pity (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMental Health Literacy in Healthcare Students: An Expansion of the Mental Health Literacy Scale
Chao, H.-J., Lien, Y., Kao, Y., Tasi, I.-C., Lin, H.-S., & Lin, H.-S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17030948 · Cited by 82
“According to the social attribution theory, perceived dangerousness may induce an emotional response such as fear, increasing discriminatory behavior, such as social distance [46].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSocial distance towards a person with Alzheimer's disease
Werner, P. (2005) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1268 · Cited by 72
“Corrigan et al. (2003) examined an extended attribution model including controllability of cause, perceptions of dangerousness, and emotional reactions as predictors of social distance; Angermeyer and colleagues (2003) examined causal attributes but did not examine emotional reactions.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBell, J. S., Aaltonen, S. E., Airaksinen, M., Volmer, D., Gharat, M., Muceniece, R., Vītola, A., Foulon, V., Desplenter, S., & Chen, T. F. (2009) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764008097621 · Cited by 70
“According to the attribution model, believing the causes of a mental disorder to be due to factors beyond an individual’s control, such as genetic factors, is associated with low social distance (Angermeyer et al., 2003; Corrigan et al., 2000; Corrigan et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMeiser, B., Mitchell, P. B., Kasparian, N. A., Strong, K., Simpson, J. M., Mireskandari, S., Tabassum, L., & Schofield, P. R. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707000852 · Cited by 72
“If the illness is attributed to genetic factors, the affected individual is less likely to be judged responsible (Weiner et al. 1982; Corrigan et al. 2003).”
BackgroundAromaa, E., Tolvanen, A. J., Tuulari, J., & Wahlbeck, K. (2010) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039488.2010.510206 · Cited by 72
Stigma and Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review of evidence, theory, and methods.
Werner, P. (2013) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14297-012 · Cited by 70
Stigma towards individuals who self harm: impact of gender and disclosure
Lloyd, B., Blazely, A., & Phillips, L. (2018) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-02-2018-0016 · Cited by 68
Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
(2020) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.47626/2237-6089 · Cited by 70
Who Supports U.S. Veterans and Who Exaggerates Their Support?
Kleykamp, M. A., Hipes, C., & MacLean, A. (2017) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x16682786 · Cited by 68
“This measure is similar to questions used to evaluate discrimination against people with mental illness (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
MethodThe influence of clerkship on students’ stigma towards mental illness: a meta‐analysis
Petkari, E., Gutiérrez, A. I. M., Xavier, M., & Moreno‐Küstner, B. (2018) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.13548 · Cited by 68
Effects of education and social contact on mental health-related stigma among high-school students
Lanfredi, M., Macis, A., Ferrari, C., Rillosi, L., Ughi, E. C., Fanetti, A., Younis, N., Cadei, L., Gallizioli, C., Uggeri, G., et al. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112581 · Cited by 74
Pingani, L., Forghieri, M., Ferrari, S., Ben‐Zeev, D., Artoni, P., Mazzi, F., Palmieri, G., Rigatelli, M., & Corrigan, P. W. (2011) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0407-3 · Cited by 68
“Two previous confirmatory factor analyses were used to develop a measurement model that demonstrates an acceptable fit to the data and provide psychometric efficacy to the questionnaire [36, 40].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationTanaka, C., Tuliao, M. T., Tanaka, E., Yamashita, T., & Matsuo, H. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1902-9 · Cited by 68
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Machin, J. E., Adkins, N. R., Crosby, E., Farrell, J. R., & Mirabito, A. M. (2018) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.12.028 · Cited by 74
Gambling Disorder and Stigma: Opportunities for Treatment and Prevention
Quigley, L. (2022) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-022-00437-4 · Cited by 67
Automatic stereotyping against people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective and affective disorders
Rüsch, N., Corrigan, P. W., Todd, A. R., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.08.024 · Cited by 65
“Anger is a typical emotional reaction to peoplewithmental illness that can lead to increased social distance (Angermeyer and Matschinger, 2003), coercion and reluctance to help (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
Self-citationRosenfeld, D. L., Balcetis, E., Bastian, B. B., Berkman, E. T., Bosson, J. K., Brannon, T. N., Burrow, A. L., Cameron, C. D., Chen, S., Cook, J., et al. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691621999374 · Cited by 68
“Second, people seen to be responsible for their infection (e.g., from failure to socially distance) may experience greater stigma (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
Werner, S. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.030 · Cited by 64
Creating a hierarchy of mental health stigma: testing the effect of psychiatric diagnosis on stigma
Hazell, C. M., Berry, C., Bogen‐Johnston, L., & Banerjee, M. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.578 · Cited by 75
Improving Medical Student Attitudes Towards People with Schizophrenia
Galletly, C. A., & Burton, C. A. (2011) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048674.2011.541419 · Cited by 63
Mental hospital reform in Asia: the case of Yuli Veterans Hospital, Taiwan
Lin, C., Huang, A.-L., Minas, H., & Cohen, A. (2009) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/1752-4458-3-1 · Cited by 63
“Direct contact facilitates familiarity with the patients and enhances social support [28-31].”
Human rights in mental healthcare; A review of current global situation
Mahdanian, A., Laporta, M., Bold, N. D., Funk, M., & Puras, D. (2022) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2022.2027348 · Cited by 75
“In this way, stigma interacts with the right to adequate care (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
BackgroundAustin, J., & Honer, W. G. (2007) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.58.2.254 · Cited by 62
Mental illness stigma and the fundamental components of supported employment.
Corrigan, P. W., Larson, J. E., & Kuwabara, S. A. (2007) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/0090-5550.52.4.451 · Cited by 63
Self-citationCalifornia’s Historic Effort to Reduce the Stigma of Mental Illness: The Mental Health Services Act
Clark, W., Welch, S., Berry, S. H., Collentine, A. M., Collins, R. L., Lebron, D., & Shearer, A. L. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301225 · Cited by 61
The Impact of Causal Explanations on Outcome in People Experiencing Psychosis: A Systematic Review
Carter, L., Read, J., Pyle, M., & Morrison, A. P. (2016) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2002 · Cited by 61
Follmer, K. B., & Jones, K. S. (2017) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12455 · Cited by 62
The INTER NOS group, Olmo-Romero, F. D., González-Blanco, M., Sarró, S., Grácio, J., Martı́n-Carrasco, M., Martinez-Cabezón, A. C., Perna, G., Pomarol‐Clotet, E., Varandas, P., et al. (2018) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-018-0867-5 · Cited by 63
“Corrigan also showed some evidence of construct validity by correlating subscales as his attributional model predicted [67].”
InfluentialRusch, L. C., Kanter, J. W., & Brondino, M. J. (2009) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318192416f · Cited by 60
“Depression Attribution Questionnaire-27 scores for the contextual condition and biomedical condition by match at Time 1, Time 2, and Time 3.”
MethodStigma in health professionals towards people with mental illness: An integrative review
Carrara, B. S., Ventura, C. A. A., Bobbili, S. J., Jacobina, O. M. P., Khenti, A., & Mendes, I. A. C. (2019) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2019.01.006 · Cited by 63
Race, Gender, and Homelessness Stigma: Effects of Perceived Blameworthiness and Dangerousness
Markowitz, F. E., & Syverson, J. (2019) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2019.1706140 · Cited by 68
“…aspect of stigma is social distancing, or the desire to not interact with those who are stigmatized, resulting from the application of stereotypes (Corrigan et al. 2003; Link and Phelan CONTACT Fred E. Markowitz fredm@niu.edu Department of Sociology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationFoster, S. D., & O’Mealey, M. (2021) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2021.1875416 · Cited by 60
“Another factor which has been shown to heighten MIS is the attributions one makes about the onset of mental illnesses. It is well known that mental illnesses are viewed as more controllable and stable than physical illnesses (Corrigan et al., 2000; Krendl & Freeman, 2019). This has led to a vast literature demonstrati…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialGaiha, S. M., Sunil, G. A., Kumar, R., & Menon, S. (2014) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-06-2013-0043 · Cited by 59
Rao, D., Horton, R. A., Tsang, H. W. H., Shi, K., & Corrigan, P. W. (2010) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021841 · Cited by 57
“Past studies of the constructs of dangerousness and responsibility found that dangerousness has contributed to interpersonal rejection and desired distance from people with mental illness (Corrigan et al., 2003; Corrigan et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationGrover, S., Singh, A., & Mattoo, S. (2016) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0971-9962.181095 · Cited by 58
How Anticipated and Experienced Stigma Can Contribute to Self-Stigma: The Case of Problem Gambling
Hing, N., & Russell, A. M. T. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00235 · Cited by 58
“Prominent theories suggest that conditions perceived to be an individual’s own fault (Weiner et al., 1988), dangerous to others (Corrigan et al., 2003), and non-recoverable, highly disruptive and difficult to conceal (Jones et al., 1984), attract more public stigma.”
BackgroundAttitudes of young people towards depression and mania
Wolkenstein, L., & Meyer, T. D. (2007) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608307x218274 · Cited by 58
Understanding Mental Ill-health as Psychosocial Disability: Implications for Assistive Technology
Ringland, K. E., Nicholas, J., Kornfield, R., Lattie, E. G., Mohr, D. C., & Reddy, M. (2019) · Proceedings of the 21st International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3308561.3353785 · Cited by 60
“Public stigma relating to mental illness often centers on negative stereotypes, as where individuals with psychosocial disabilities are seen as characteristically weak, incompetent, or dangerous [21,93].”
BackgroundWorkplace Antistigma Initiatives: A Scoping Study
Malachowski, C., & Kirsh, B. H. (2013) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201200409 · Cited by 57
The self-stigma process in criminal offenders.
Moore, K. E., Tangney, J. P., & Stuewig, J. B. (2016) · Stigma and Health · doi:10.1037/sah0000024 · Cited by 68
Police officers, mental (ill-)health and spoiled identity
Bullock, K., & Garland, J. (2017) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1748895817695856 · Cited by 80
“While it has been demonstrated that mental illness may generally be read as a sign of incompetence (Corrigan et al., 2003; Weiner et al., 1988), the specific organizational context is important in understanding the precise process of status loss.”
BackgroundWei, Y., McGrath, P. J., Hayden, J. A., & Kutcher, S. (2017) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796017000178 · Cited by 57
“; C(+/−) AQ (Brown, 2008) G; +/−; C(+/−) F; +; L(+) F; +; C(+/−) F; +/−; C(+/−) AQ (Corrigan et al. 2003) P; +; C(+/−) F; +; C(+/−) AQ (Corrigan et al. 2004) F; +/−; L(+) AQ-27-Italian (Luca Pingani et al. 2012) G; +; C(+/−) F; +; L(+) F; ?”
BackgroundInfluentialAntecedents of Instrumental Interpersonal Help-Seeking: An Integrative Review
Chan, M. E. (2013) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00496.x · Cited by 57
Effects of News About Genetics and Obesity on Controllability Attribution and Helping Behavior
Jeong, S. (2007) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410230701626877 · Cited by 56
The effects of psychiatric and “biological” labels on lay sentencing and punishment decisions
Berryessa, C. M. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-018-9322-x · Cited by 56
“Dimensions of public stigma on causes (personal responsibility), stability (lack of treatability/recovery), and controllability (dangerousness/social distance) of psychiatric illnesses are thought to potentially act as cognitive mediators resulting in discrimination (Corrigan et al. 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Role of Stigma in the Nursing Care of Families Impacted by Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Recto, P., McGlothen‐Bell, K., McGrath, J. M., Brownell, E., & Cleveland, L. M. (2020) · Advances in Neonatal Care · doi:10.1097/anc.0000000000000778 · Cited by 56
Mental Illness, Mass Shootings, and the Future of Psychiatric Research into American Gun Violence
Metzl, J. M., Piemonte, J. L., & McKay, T. (2021) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000280 · Cited by 56
Competence and warmth stereotypes prompt mental illness stigma through emotions
Sadler, M. S., Kaye, K. E., & Vaughn, A. A. (2015) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12323 · Cited by 64
Pinto, M. D., Hickman, R. L., Logsdon, M. C., & Burant, C. J. (2012) · Journal of Nursing Measurement · doi:10.1891/1061-3749.20.1.47 · Cited by 56
“…of Attribution Theory (Weiner, 1995) and the work of Reisenzein (1986), Corrigan initially developed a 27-item instrument, the Attribution Questionnaire (AQ-27), to measure the domains of blame, anger, pity, help, dangerousness, fear, avoidance, segregation, and coercion (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
MethodOn Revisiting Some Origins of the Stigma Concept as It Applies to Mental Illnesses
Link, B. G., & Stuart, H. L. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27839-1_1 · Cited by 56
Yamaguchi, S., Koike, S., Watanabe, K.-I., & Ando, S. (2014) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12151 · Cited by 38
“In relation to this, past studies have also reported associations between participants’ knowledge of mental health issues and their behavioral intentions or social distance towards people with mental health problems.(12,24) Therefore, it seems that the weak correlation, rather than strong or moderate correlation, obse…”
ResultStigmatization toward irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease in an online cohort
Taft, T., Bedell, A., Naftaly, J. P., & Keefer, L. (2016) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.12921 · Cited by 55
Social Functioning and Internalized Stigma in Individuals Diagnosed with Substance Use Disorder
Gür, G. C., & Tanrıverdi, D. (2015) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2015.07.008 · Cited by 55
Cheng, Z. H. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0999-5 · Cited by 55
“Participants answered questions regarding fear (4 items) and blame (3 items) using a 9-point Likert rating scale (1 = not at all, 9 = very much) from the Attribution Questionnaire [36].”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Corrigan, P., Markowitz, F. E., Watson, A., Rowan, D., & Kubiak, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Northern Illinois University (US)
- Prairie State College (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 162
- ISSN
- 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2104804522
- Cited by
- 1,407
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 73 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 19.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r24mh062198-06)
- National Institute of Mental Health (5 R24 MH62198)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- mental illness, causal attribution, attribution theory, perceived dangerousness, responsibility beliefs, fear, pity, anger, rejection response, involuntary treatment, segregation, community college students, stigma
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attitude to Health, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Prejudice, Social Environment, Stereotyping, Students, Universities, Midwestern United States, Behavioral Research
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