Cited by 1,407Mental Health Treatment and AccessSocial and Intergroup PsychologyPsychology and Mental Health

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An Attribution Model of Public Discrimination Towards Persons with Mental Illness

Corrigan, Patrick, Markowitz, Fred E., Watson, Amy, Rowan, David, Kubiak, Mary Ann·2003·Journal of Health and Social Behavior

DOI 10.2307/1519806

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Abstract

In this study, we build on previous work by developing and estimating a model of the relationships between causal attributions (e.g., controllability, responsibility), familiarity with mental illness, dangerousness, emotional responses (e.g., pity, anger, fear), and helping and rejecting responses. Using survey data containing responses to hypothetical vignettes, we examine these relationships in a sample of 518 community college students. Consistent with attribution theory, causal attributions affect beliefs about persons' responsibility for causing their condition, beliefs which in turn lead to affective reactions, resulting in rejecting responses such as avoidance, coercion, segregation, and withholding help. However, consistent with a danger appraisal hypothesis, the effects of perceptions of dangerousness on helping and rejecting responses are unmediated by responsibility beliefs. Much of the dangerousness effects operate by increasing fear, a particularly strong predictor of support for coercive treatment. The results from this study also suggest that familiarity with mental illness reduces discriminatory responses.

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Deproblematization as an Enrichment of Framing Theory: Enhancing the Effectiveness of an Awareness-Raising Campaign on Child Poverty
Gorp, B. V., & Vyncke, B. (2021) · International Journal of Strategic Communication · doi:10.1080/1553118x.2021.1988615 · Cited by 9
“The first seven questions were adapted from Corrigan et al. (2003) and included such items as “I have observed persons living in poverty on a frequent basis.””
The Influence of Using Novel Predictive Technologies on Judgments of Stigma, Empathy, and Compassion among Healthcare Professionals
Buchman, D. Z., Imahori, D., Lo, C., Hui, K., Walker, C. G., Shaw, J., & Davis, K. D. (2023) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2023.2225470 · Cited by 11
“The main outcome was the personal responsibility beliefs subscale from the Corrigan et al. (2003) Attribution Questionnaire.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effects of Health Responsibility Frames: Testing a Mediation Model of Attributions, Emotions, and Social Support Intentions
Temmann, L. J., Reifegerste, D., Wiedicke, A., & Scherr, S. (2023) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2023.2232326 · Cited by 12
Social Capital and Stigma Toward People with Mental Illness in Tokyo, Japan
Kido, Y., Kawakami, N., Miyamoto, Y., Chiba, R., & Tsuchiya, M. (2012) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-012-9548-4 · Cited by 9
“…with mental illness in the general population is affected by several factors, such as sex, age, socio-economic status, knowledge about mental illness, and contact or familiarity with persons with mental illness (Schnittker 2000; Lauber et al. 2004; Link and Cullen 1986; Corrigan et al. 2003).”
Background
Lawyers' attitudes toward involuntary treatment.
Luchins, D. J., Cooper, A. E., Hanrahan, P. A., & Heyrman, M. J. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 9
General Beliefs and Stigma Regarding Illicit Drug Use: Perspectives of Family Members and Significant Others of Drug Users in an Inner City in Brazil
Ventura, C. A. A., Carrara, B. S., Bobbili, S. J., Vedana, K. G. G., Khenti, A., Hayashida, M., & Ferreira, P. S. (2017) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2017.1335362 · Cited by 9
“Other researchers have found that promoting a common perception of a condition as a ‘disease’ influences help-seeking behaviours, treatment adherence, and interactions with the community; they have argued that this kind of process can help reduce discrimination, negative judgment, shame, and other negative consequence…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Attitudes toward the mentally ill among community health-related personnel in South Korea
Ha, J., Jung, W., Choi, E., Yu, J., Park, D., & Ryu, S. (2017) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_58_16 · Cited by 9
“In addition, community-based rapid resocialization has been emphasized.[1] The aim of this policy is to reduce long-term admission to mental hospitals and the degeneration of social function by prolonged ORIGINAL ARTICLE”
Background
Attitudinal Change Toward Same-Sex Parents: the Effect of the Explanation of the Etiology of the Homosexual Sexual Orientation
Navarro, M. D. F., Garcia, L. C. S., García‐Banda, G., Pascual‐Soler, M., & Badenes‐Ribera, L. (2017) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-017-0313-x · Cited by 9
Narrative persuasion and stigma: Using news accounts to denormalize texting while driving
Tamul, D., Einstein, C., Hotter, J., Lanier, M., Purcell, L., & Wolf, J. (2021) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2020.105876 · Cited by 10
Distância social dos profissionais de saúde em relação à dependência de substâncias psicoativas
Soares, R. G., da Silveira, P. S., Martins, L. F., Gomide, H. P., Lopes, T. M., & Ronzani, T. M. (2011) · Estudos de Psicologia (Natal) · doi:10.1590/s1413-294x2011000100012 · Cited by 9
Health professionals' familiarity and attributions to mental illness
Aghukwa, C. N. (2010) · Mental Illness · doi:10.4081/mi.2010.e1 · Cited by 9
Public stigma for men and women veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder
Caldwell, H. L., & Lauderdale, S. A. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9940-5 · Cited by 9
“This is concerning as it suggests women veterans may face responsibility stigma following their military service, which has been associated with less desire to help (Weiner et al. 1988) and greater desire to segregate and coerce into treatment (Corrigan et al. 2003).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Social Dominance Orientation and Discrimination against People with Schizophrenia: Evidence of Medicalization and Dangerousness Beliefs as Legitimizing Myths
Lampropoulos, D., & Apostolidis, T. (2018) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2018.46 · Cited by 9
Attitudes and Behaviors of Nurses and Nursing Students Toward Patients with Obesity: A Systematized Review
Rodríguez, Y. M. A., González, C. M. M., & Hernández, A. M. G. (2025) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep15020066 · Cited by 11
“From the theoretical framework of stigma [82], and through the lens of Attribution Theory [83], developed in the context of mental illnesses [84,85], stigma is a cognitive–emotional process in which the causes and control of a condition—such as having excess weight—are attributed to individual…”
“Rooted in ableism:” an embedded mixed methods study of disability disclosure on a university campus
Szechy, K. A., Ramos, P., Bray, M., Anderson, N., Wiseman, R., & O’Donnell, L. A. (2025) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2025.2498413 · Cited by 9
“Mental illnesses have also been perceived as ‘fixable’ or manageable by the disabled person with responsible self-care and health maintenance (Corrigan et al. 2003).”
Empathy at a distance: A qualitative study on the impact of publically‐displayed art on observers
Hurley, J., Linsley, P., Rowe, S. C., & Fontanella, F. (2014) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12073 · Cited by 8
Madde kullanım bozukluğunda içselleştirilmiş damgalanmanın klinik özellikler ve tedavi motivasyonu ile ilişkisi
Demir, B., Şahin, Ş. K., Sancaktar, M., Sargın, E. N., Köse, Z., & Altındağ, A. (2021) · Journal of Dependence · doi:10.51982/bagimli.958705 · Cited by 8
Perceived stability of depressive symptomology and willingness to help relational partners: An attributional perspective
Muschetto, T., & Siegel, J. T. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02708-9 · Cited by 8
The Ambiguous Nature of Contextual Dynamics During Drug Addiction Recovery: A Qualitative Study of Personal Narratives
Bellaert, L., Ruysscher, C. D., Martinelli, T. F., Laenen, F. V., Sinclair, D. L., & Vanderplasschen, W. (2023) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/00220426231179381 · Cited by 8
“Research has linked stigma to causal attribution beliefs (Corrigan et al., 2003; Weiner et al., 1988), such as perceptions of control-lability, responsibility, and chronicity regarding substance use problems (Corrigan et al., 2009; Crisp et al., 2000; Nieweglowski et al., 2018; Schomerus et al.,…”
The Effectiveness of a Cell Phone eHealth App in Changing Knowledge, Stigmatizing Attitudes, and Intention to Seek Help Associated With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Pilot Questionnaire Study
Chaves, A., Arnáez, S., & García‐Soriano, G. (2024) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/48027 · Cited by 8
“This measures the social stigma associated with a vignette describing a person showing OC symptoms through 27 items rated on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 to 9 [36,37].”
Background
Comparing Medical-Surgical, Psychiatric–Mental Health, and Addiction Specialty Nurses’ Personal Attitudes, Professional Attitudes, and Motivation Toward Working With Individuals With Alcohol and Opioid Use Problems: Implications for the Nursing Workforce Using a Nationwide Sample
Mahmoud, K. F., Finnell, D. S., Sereika, S. M., Lindsay, D. L., & Mitchell, A. M. (2024) · Journal of Nursing Regulation · doi:10.1016/s2155-8256(24)00052-8 · Cited by 9
Pointing Fingers: Who US Adults Blame for the Opioid Overdose Epidemic
Kim, Y., Kresovich, A., MacLean, K., Lamuda, P. A., Ngobo-Ekamby, M., McQueen, C., Schneider, J. A., Pollack, H. A., & Taylor, B. G. (2024) · Substance Use & Addiction Journal · doi:10.1177/29767342241262556 · Cited by 8
“…often viewed as having more control over their condition, and this perception of internal attribution can lead to anger and hostility from the public, 45,46 and often lead the public to believe that those who experience substance use disorders deserve the negative consequences and social isolation.”
Perceived stigma and coping strategies among Asians with schizophrenia: The Singapore case
Yow, T., & Mehta, K. K. (2010) · International Social Work · doi:10.1177/0020872809359866 · Cited by 8
“In responding more appropriately to people around them, patients may be able to gain greater social acceptance and this in turn reduces public stigmatization of them (Corrigan, 2003).”
Background
The relationship between employee knowledge, personal contact and attitudes towards chronically ill co-employees within the banking sector
Kanengoni, H., & Murugan, C. (2012) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.702318 · Cited by 8
An Experimental Investigation of a Dual Process Model of HIV-Related Stigma
Naughton, J. D., & Vanable, P. A. (2012) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2011.637842 · Cited by 8
Beliefs About Causes of Schizophrenia Among Urban African American Community Members
Broussard, B., Goulding, S. M., Talley, C. L., & Compton, M. T. (2010) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-010-9143-1 · Cited by 8
“For example, if a person is seen as responsible for his or her mental illness, he/she may be judged negatively and may not receive help from the community [6].”
Background
Perceived Rights of and Social Distance to People with Alzheimer’s Disease
Bourkel, E., Ferring, D., & Weber, G. (2012) · GeroPsych · doi:10.1024/1662-9647/a000052 · Cited by 8
“…thus represents a specific and often used indicator of discrimination (Angermeyer, Beck, & Matschinger, 2003; Angermeyer & Matschinger, 2005; Corrigan, Backs Edwards, Green, Lickey Diwan, & Penn, 2001; Corrigan et al., 2003; Link, Phelan, Bresnahan, Stueve, & Pescosolido, 1999; Werner, 2005, 2006).”
Background
The Stigma Scale: A Canadian Perspective
Meier, A., Csiernik, R., Warner, L., & Forchuk, C. (2015) · Social Work Research · doi:10.1093/swr/svv028 · Cited by 8
Stigma correlates in individuals with mental health conditions versus community members enrolled in a nationwide integrated arts‐based community rehabilitation program in Israel
Nitzan, A., & Orkibi, H. (2020) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12956 · Cited by 8
Survivors’ Beliefs About the Causes of Sexual Offending: An Australian Study
Richards, K. (2021) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801221998775 · Cited by 8
“This has been found to be the case in relation to phenomena as diverse as obesity (DeJong, 1980), body odor (Levine & McBurney, 1977), poverty (Osborne & Weiner, 2015), mental illness (Corrigan et al., 2003), and HIV/AIDS (Kasapoglu et al., 2011).”
Result

Authors: Corrigan, P., Markowitz, F. E., Watson, A., Rowan, D., & Kubiak, M. A.
Affiliations: University of Chicago (US)
Northern Illinois University (US)
Prairie State College (US)
ORCID: Corrigan, Patrick
Markowitz, Fred E.
Watson, Amy
Venue: Journal of Health and Social Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2003-06
Volume: 44
Issue: 2
Pages: 162
ISSN: 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/1519806
OpenAlex: W2104804522
Cited by: 1,407
References: 81
Citations by year: 2026: 73 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 52
FWCI: 19.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r24mh062198-06)
National Institute of Mental Health (5 R24 MH62198)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
Keywords: mental illness, causal attribution, attribution theory, perceived dangerousness, responsibility beliefs, fear, pity, anger, rejection response, involuntary treatment, segregation, community college students, stigma
MeSH terms: Adult, Attitude to Health, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Prejudice, Social Environment, Stereotyping, Students, Universities, Midwestern United States, Behavioral Research

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An Attribution Model of Public Discrimination Towards Persons with Mental Illness

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