Cited by 1,407Mental Health Treatment and AccessSocial and Intergroup PsychologyPsychology and Mental Health

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An Attribution Model of Public Discrimination Towards Persons with Mental Illness

Corrigan, Patrick, Markowitz, Fred E., Watson, Amy, Rowan, David, Kubiak, Mary Ann·2003·Journal of Health and Social Behavior

DOI 10.2307/1519806

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Abstract

In this study, we build on previous work by developing and estimating a model of the relationships between causal attributions (e.g., controllability, responsibility), familiarity with mental illness, dangerousness, emotional responses (e.g., pity, anger, fear), and helping and rejecting responses. Using survey data containing responses to hypothetical vignettes, we examine these relationships in a sample of 518 community college students. Consistent with attribution theory, causal attributions affect beliefs about persons' responsibility for causing their condition, beliefs which in turn lead to affective reactions, resulting in rejecting responses such as avoidance, coercion, segregation, and withholding help. However, consistent with a danger appraisal hypothesis, the effects of perceptions of dangerousness on helping and rejecting responses are unmediated by responsibility beliefs. Much of the dangerousness effects operate by increasing fear, a particularly strong predictor of support for coercive treatment. The results from this study also suggest that familiarity with mental illness reduces discriminatory responses.

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Wolkenstein, L., & Meyer, T. D. (2009) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764008092410 · Cited by 27
“Because previous research had reported that demographic variables such as gender, level of education or age are correlated with attitudes towards individuals with mental illness (e.g. Angermeyer et al., 2003; Corrigan et al., 2003; Möller-Leimkühler, 2004), we made sure that these variables were equally distributed be…”
Background
Mental health stigma and professional help-seeking attitudes a comparison between Cuba and Germany
Nohr, L., Ruíz, A. L., Ferrer, J. E. S., & Buhlmann, U. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246501 · Cited by 34
Personal and professional attitudes associated with nurses’ motivation to work with patients with opioid use and opioid use-related problems
Mahmoud, K. F., Finnell, D. S., Sereika, S. M., Lindsay, D. L., Schmitt, K., Cipkala-Gaffin, J. A., Puskar, K. R., & Mitchell, A. M. (2021) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2020.1856287 · Cited by 26
“Fear An adapted version of the Corrigan and colleagues Fear subscale was used.(20) A 9-level Likert scale was used ranging from 1 (“not at all,” “no,” not at all”) to 9 (“very much,” “yes,” “very much”).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Revisiting Social Stigma in Non-suicidal Self-injury: A Narrative Review
Banerjee, D., & Meheli, S. (2022) · Consortium Psychiatricum · doi:10.17816/cp196 · Cited by 26
“Stigma refers to negative views towards a group and the resultant attitudes towards the group, when it is viewed as inferior to the societal norms, and stigma is very relevant in the context of mental health problems [14, 15].”
Background
Affiliate stigma and related factors among parents of autism spectrum condition: A pilot study from mainland China
Ma, Y., Lee, L. Y., & Zhang, X. (2023) · Autism & Developmental Language Impairments · doi:10.1177/23969415231168567 · Cited by 32
Public stigma in intellectual disability: do direct versus indirect questions make a difference?
Werner, S. (2015) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12207 · Cited by 26
“This is important because it is known that discriminating behaviours negatively impact individuals with ID (Ditchman et al. 2013) and that prejudiced reactions are at the core of this discrimination (Corrigan et al. 2003).”
Background
Adolescent knowledge of schizophrenia and social distancing: a province‐wide survey
Faulkner, G., Irving, H. M., Paglia‐Boak, A., & Adlaf, E. M. (2010) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.20406 · Cited by 26
Stigmatised attitudes in independent pharmacies associated with discrimination towards individuals with opioid dependence
Luty, J. S., Kumar, P., & Stagias, K. (2010) · The Psychiatrist · doi:10.1192/pb.bp.109.028951 · Cited by 26
“He acted like a crazy person”: Exploring the influence of college students’ recall of stereotypic media representations of mental illness.
Johnson, J. M. Q., & Riles, J. M. (2016) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000121 · Cited by 26
Labelling of mental illness in a paediatric emergency department and its implications for stigma reduction education
Sukhera, J. I., Miller, K., Milne, A., Scerbo, C., Lim, R. K., Cooper, A., & Watling, C. (2017) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.1007/s40037-017-0333-5 · Cited by 25
“In contrast, social contactbased interventions that promote interpersonal contact with patients with mental illness are more effective than education alone [23, 24].”
Study of the relationship between implicit and explicit stigmas associated with mental illness
González‐Sanguino, C., Muñoz, M., Castellanos, M. Á., Santos, E. P., & Orihuela‐Villameriel, T. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.172 · Cited by 26
Knowledge, contact and stigma of mental illness: comparing three stakeholder groups in Hong Kong
Ran, M.-S., Peng, M.-M., Yau, Y. Y., Zhang, T.-M., Li, X.-H., Wong, I. Y. L., Ng, S., Thornicroft, G., Chan, C. L.-W., & Lu, L. (2022) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764021997479 · Cited by 25
“As these patronizing attitudes risk promoting paternalism that undercuts PMI’s self-determination (Corrigan et al., 2003), future anti-stigma interventions should develop strategies to target these stigmatizing beliefs.”
Background
Perspectives towards mental illness in people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa
Sorsdahl, K. R., Mall, S., Stein, D. J., & Joska, J. A. (2010) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121003758655 · Cited by 25
Social workers' attributions towards individuals with dual diagnosis of intellectual disability and mental illness
Araten‐Bergman, T., & Werner, S. (2016) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12300 · Cited by 26
Explaining the relation between masculinity and stigma toward mental illness: The relative effects of sex, gender, and behavior.
Boysen, G. A. (2016) · Stigma and Health · doi:10.1037/sah0000041 · Cited by 30
“Descriptions of the individual consisted of modified versions of those used in previous research (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Crying Is in the Eyes of the Beholder: An Attribution Theory Framework of Crying at Work
Becker, W. J., Conroy, S. A., Djurdjevic, E., & Gross, M. (2017) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073917706766 · Cited by 27
“Of these emotions, compassion and pity are strongly associated with helping behavior (Betancourt, 1990; Corrigan et al., 2003; Haidt, 2003; Hareli & Parkinson, 2008; Schwarzer & Weiner, 1991; Weiner et al., 1982).”
Background
Diagnostic Disclosure and Social Marginalisation of Adults with ASD: Is There a Relationship and What Mediates It?
O’Connor, C., Burke, J., & Rooney, B. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04239-y · Cited by 25
Effects of biomedical messages and expert-recommended messages on reducing mental health-related stigma: a randomised controlled trial
Ojio, Y., Yamaguchi, S., Ohta, K., Ando, S., & Koike, S. (2019) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796019000714 · Cited by 29
“A lack of knowledge of mental illness is associated with negative attitudes toward mental illnesses, which contribute to actual discriminatory behaviour (Corrigan et al., 2003).”
Background
Stigmatization of opioid addiction based on prescription, sex and age
Weeks, C., & Stenstrom, D. M. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106469 · Cited by 25
A systematic review of offender mental health stigma: commonality, psychometric measures and differential diagnosis
Tremlin, R. C., & Beazley, P. I. (2022) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2022.2072842 · Cited by 37
Cross‐cultural differences in depression between White British and South Asians: Causal attributions, stigma by association, discriminatory potential
Birtel, M. D., & Mitchell, B. L. (2022) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12428 · Cited by 35
“Individuals with mental illness (such as depression and schizophrenia) experience severe stigma associated with their diagnosis from the public, especially as compared to physical illness (such as cancer and heart disease; Barry et al., 2014; Corrigan et al., 2003; Crisp et al., 2000; Huggett et al., 2018; Wood et al.…”
Background
An Implicit Measure of Associations with Mental Illness versus Physical Illness: Response Latency Decomposition and Stimuli Differential Functioning in Relation to IAT Order of Associative Conditions and Accuracy
Mannarini, S., & Boffo, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101911 · Cited by 26
Lay perceptions regarding the competence of persons with Alzheimer's disease
Werner, P. (2006) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1546 · Cited by 25
A mental health promotion approach to reducing discrimination about psychosis in teenagers
Campbell, M., Shryane, N. M., Byrne, R. E., & Morrison, A. P. (2010) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522431003735529 · Cited by 25
“This variable combines those subscales especially relevant to the danger appraisal outlined by Corrigan et al. (2003).”
Background
Perceptions of Supportive Behavior by Young Adults With Bipolar Disorder
Doherty, E. F., & MacGeorge, E. L. (2012) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732312468508 · Cited by 27
“Such beliefs have important implications for individuals with BD. Corrigan et al. (2003) found that when the onset of mental illness is viewed as being under one’s control, persons are more likely to avoid, withhold help, and endorse coercive treatment of someone with mental illness.”
Background
Faith‐based mental health education: a service‐learning opportunity for nursing students
BROWN, J. F. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2009.01421.x · Cited by 25
The “Own” and the “Wise”: Does Stigma Status Buffer or Exacerbate Social Rejection of College Students with a Mental Illness?
Markowitz, F. E., & Engelman, D. J. (2016) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2016.1197673 · Cited by 25
“This suggests that when encountering persons known to exhibit symptomatic behavior, people invoke stigmatizing conceptions of mental illness and make an assessment of the likelihood of harm, what has been referred to as a “danger appraisal” (Corrigan et al. 2003; Markowitz and Watson 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Commit* to change? A call to end the publication of the phrase ‘commit* suicide’
Nielsen, E., Padmanathan, P., & Knipe, D. W. (2016) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10333.1 · Cited by 24
“This is of concern, given that mental health stigma impacts negatively upon both help-seeking behaviours and help-provision (Corrigan et al., 2003; Reynders et al., 2014).”
Examining the link between socioeconomic status and mental illness prejudice: The roles of knowledge about mental illness and empathy.
Foster, S. D., Elischberger, H. B., & Hill, E. (2017) · Stigma and Health · doi:10.1037/sah0000084 · Cited by 23
Paradigma biomédico x psicossocial: onde são ancora das as representações sociais acerca do sofrimento psíquico?
de Sousa, P. F., Maciel, S. C., & Medeiros, K. T. (2018) · Temas em Psicologia · doi:10.9788/tp2018.2-13pt · Cited by 24
Othering refugees: Psychotherapists’ attitudes toward patients with and without a refugee background
Dumke, L., & Neuner, F. (2022) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2022.2150097 · Cited by 28
“Guided by the Attribution Questionnaire (Corrigan et al., 2003) we used four items to assess aspects of the behavior component.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The stigmatization of mental illness by mental health professionals: Scoping review and bibliometric analysis
Jauch, M., Occhipinti, S., & O’Donovan, A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280739 · Cited by 24

Authors: Corrigan, P., Markowitz, F. E., Watson, A., Rowan, D., & Kubiak, M. A.
Affiliations: University of Chicago (US)
Northern Illinois University (US)
Prairie State College (US)
ORCID: Corrigan, Patrick
Markowitz, Fred E.
Watson, Amy
Venue: Journal of Health and Social Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2003-06
Volume: 44
Issue: 2
Pages: 162
ISSN: 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/1519806
OpenAlex: W2104804522
Cited by: 1,407
References: 81
Citations by year: 2026: 73 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 52
FWCI: 19.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r24mh062198-06)
National Institute of Mental Health (5 R24 MH62198)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
Keywords: mental illness, causal attribution, attribution theory, perceived dangerousness, responsibility beliefs, fear, pity, anger, rejection response, involuntary treatment, segregation, community college students, stigma
MeSH terms: Adult, Attitude to Health, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Prejudice, Social Environment, Stereotyping, Students, Universities, Midwestern United States, Behavioral Research

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An Attribution Model of Public Discrimination Towards Persons with Mental Illness

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