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Cited by 1,046Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentYouth Development and Social SupportEarly Childhood Education and Development

The Development of Children Ages 6 to 14

Eccles, Jacquelynne S.·1999·The Future of Children
DOI 10.2307/1602703
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Abstract

The years between 6 and 14--middle childhood and early adolescence--are a time of important developmental advances that establish children's sense of identity. During these years, children make strides toward adulthood by becoming competent, independent, self-aware, and involved in the world beyond their families. Biological and cognitive changes transform children's bodies and minds. Social relationships and roles change dramatically as children enter school, join programs, and become involved with peers and adults outside their families. During middle childhood, children develop a sense of self-esteem and individuality, comparing themselves with their peers. They come to expect they will succeed or fail at different tasks. They may develop an orientation toward achievement that will color their response to school and other challenges for many years. In early adolescence, the tumultuous physical and social changes that accompany puberty, the desire for autonomy and distance from the family, and the transition from elementary school to middle school or junior high can all cause problems for young people. When adolescents are in settings (in school, at home, or in community programs) that are not attuned to their needs and emerging independence, they can lose confidence in themselves and slip into negative behavior patterns such as truancy and school dropout. This article examines the developmental changes that characterize the years from 6 to 14, and it highlights ways in which the organization of programs, schools, and family life can better support positive outcomes for youths.

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Crossref · 10.2307/1602703

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38 of 38 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • The mid-primary school years are a time when academic difficulties are often first evident and predictive of later academic failure and school dropout.

    “The mid-primary school years are a time when academic difficulties are often first evident [9, 10] and predictive of later academic failure and school dropout [11].”

    From Electronic media use and academic performance in late childhood: A longitudinal study (2020) · cites this paper as [10]

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Authors
Eccles, J. S.
Affiliations
University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author
Eccles, Jacquelynne S.
ORCID
Eccles, Jacquelynne S.
Venue
The Future of Children
Publisher
JSTOR
Published
1999
Volume
9
Issue
2
Pages
30
ISSN
1054-8289 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2307/1602703
OpenAlex
W2019327593
Cited by
1,046
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 62 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 36
FWCI
7.24
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • The Future of Children (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Safety Research › Youth Development and Social Support
  • Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Keywords
middle childhood, early adolescence, child development, identity construction, self-esteem, peer comparison, achievement orientation, puberty, autonomy, family relationships, transition to school, truancy, school dropout, youth programs, program design, family life
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child Development, Education, Humans, Social Environment

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