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A Theory of Role Strain
Abstract
levels, for example, the conditions of small experimental groups as a subtype of social system. Only in so far as codification reveals uniformities in the cognate features of many different types of operationally studied system do the more general theorems have a prospect of approaching rigorous empirical verification. This specification should not be assumed to be capable of being carried out by simple common sense; it requires careful technical analysis through a series of concatenated steps. I believe, however, that the theory of action in its present state provides methods for successfully carrying out this specification, and conversely, generalization as well from lower-level uniformities to higher levels. Perhaps the most important key to this possibility is the conception of all systems of action as systematically articulated with others along system-subsystem lines. The basic system types designated here as organisms, personalities, social systems, and cultural systems must be regarded as subsystems of the general category of action system. Each of these in turn is differentiated into further subsystems at different levels of elaboration. Any subsystem is articulated with other subsystems by definable categories of input-output interchange, the processes, in sufficiently highly differentiated subsystems, being mediated by symbolictype mechanisms such as those discussed above. In many respects, this possibility of dealing with multiple system references and of ke ping straight the distinctions and articulations between them, has turned out to be the greatest enrichment of theoretical analysis developed from Dubin's Model II. A flat conception of a single system reference which must be accepted or rejected on an all-or-none basis for the analysis of complex empirical problems, cannot possibly do justice to the formidable difficulties in the study of human action.
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“According to the scarcity hypothesis, role conflict arises when time and resources are limited and an individual faces conflicting expectation across different roles (46).”
From Caring alone: older adult care burdens, practices, and structural imbalances among China's one-child generation (2025) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“Role conflict generates stress, as resources become scarce or depleted while trying to balance multiple roles. This can negatively affect caregivers’ psychological well-being, physical health, and financial stability (26, 46, 47).”
From Caring alone: older adult care burdens, practices, and structural imbalances among China's one-child generation (2025) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, the experience of cultural conflict (i.e., feeling caught or trapped between one's two cultural orientations) has not been explicitly acknowledged in the acculturation literature, even though this component may be similar to identity confusion (Baumister, 1986) or role conflict (Goode, 1960).”
From Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents (2005) · cites this paper as Goode, 1960
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“Work–family conflict (WFC) stems from the role strain hypothesis (Goode 1960) in the context of role theory (Merton 1957), which posits that managing multiple roles, each of which requires an investment of energy and time, can lead to inter-role conflict that imply a discordance or incompatibility…”
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INTER‐GROUP CONFLICT AND ROLE STRAIN1
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“role occupancy are made on this basis (Goode, 1960).”
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“Never-theless, role strain theory suggests that when role obligations exceed the physical and mental capacity of the individual, it will increase role strain, which is harmful to health [23].”
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“These results may be associated with Role Strain Theory (Goode, 1960), in which high levels of care engagement can compete with other role responsibilities, increasing grandparents’ stress levels.”
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“This is likely due to the notion that human energy is a limited resource, and the more roles one occupies the more chance there is for conflict (Goode 1960).”
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“Goode (1960) stated that the caregiver experiences "role strain" when expectations are not met, when rewards or satisfactions are not experienced, and when”
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“Impact on work hours or labour market exit Role conflict theory (Goode, 1960; Biddle, 1986) argues that having multiple roles implies multiple and contrasting demands which may bring along high levels of burden.”
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“…that women’s engagement in multiple roles is a source of stress and conflict and has negative effects on women’s physical and mental well-being (e.g., Goode, 1960), more recent studies have found that an increase in women’s roles is advantageous for women’s health and well-being (Barnett, 2004;…”
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“, 2005; Greenhaus & Beutell, 1985) and studies in support of a role-overload hypothesis (Goode, 1960; Moen et al., 1995), working longer hours increases mothers’ parenting time pressures and, consequently, causes mental distress.”
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Yu, J., Yu-lin, Y., & Kahana, E. F. (2020) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/0091415019900168 · Cited by 14
“Two theoretical perspectives—role strain (Goode, 1960) and role enhancement (Rozario et al.”
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“The roles in later life are interdependent because both conflicts (Goode, 1960) and complementarities (Sieber, 1974) amongst roles are the usual phenomena.”
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“Goode (1960) argued that the performance of multiple roles leads to difficulty in enacting those roles and to role strain.”
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“Findings were mixed with respect to family involvement and F→W conflict as three studies reported negative relations (Allis & Driscoll, 2008; Greenhaus et al. 2001; Parasuraman et al.,1996) but Carlson, et al. (2000) reported family involvement was positively related to behavior-based F→W conflict (but with no relatio…”
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“So, every role requires its own time and demand (Goode, 1960).”
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“For example, the scarcity and ego depletion theories (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998; Goode, 1960; Merton, 1957) propose that there is a limited source of energy within the individual, leading to inevitable difficulties in performing multiple roles.”
BackgroundBRENNING, K. M., Clercq, B. J. D., Wille, B., & Vergauwe, J. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110030 · Cited by 17
One journalist, two roles: What happens when journalists also work as media coordinators?
Tandoc, E. C., & Peters, J. (2014) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/1464884913520199 · Cited by 15
“However, role theory also suggests that people have multiple roles in multiple fields (Goode, 1960; Sieber, 1974).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStatus Inconsistency and Gender
Schneider, J., & Cook, K. S. (1995) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496495263004 · Cited by 15
Dempster‐McClain, D., & Moen, P. (1989) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/0730888489016001003 · Cited by 15
Månsdotter, A., Backhans, M. C., & Hallqvist, J. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-312 · Cited by 15
Mazerolle, S. M., Pitney, W. A., & Goodman, A. (2013) · International Journal of Athletic Therapy & Training · doi:10.1123/ijatt.18.6.7 · Cited by 15
Elder Care, Multiple Role Involvement, and Well-Being Among Middle-Aged Men and Women in Japan
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Status Consistency: The Theoretical Concept and Its Empirical Referent
Stehr, N. (1968) · The Pacific Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/1388323 · Cited by 15
Sources of Role Strain Among Dual‐Career Couples
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The Dynamics of Role Leaving: A Role Theoretical Approach to the Leaving of Religious Organizations
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Caregiving and role conflict distress
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“This can negatively affect caregivers’ psychological well-being, physical health, and financial stability (26, 46, 47).”
Zhao, L. (2026) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.70092
Metadata
- Authors
- Goode, W. J.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goode, William J.
- Venue
- American Sociological Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1960-08
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 483
- ISSN
- 0003-1224 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1976793337
- Cited by
- 2,454
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 143 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 88 · 2015: 107 · 2014: 98 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 81
- FWCI
- 27.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Sociological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Contemporary Sociological Theory and Practice
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Weber, Simmel, Sociological Theory
- Keywords
- role strain, philosophy of action, action systems, subsystems, social systems, organism, personality, cultural systems, symbolic mechanisms, levels of analysis, generalization
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