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A Theory of Role Strain
Abstract
levels, for example, the conditions of small experimental groups as a subtype of social system. Only in so far as codification reveals uniformities in the cognate features of many different types of operationally studied system do the more general theorems have a prospect of approaching rigorous empirical verification. This specification should not be assumed to be capable of being carried out by simple common sense; it requires careful technical analysis through a series of concatenated steps. I believe, however, that the theory of action in its present state provides methods for successfully carrying out this specification, and conversely, generalization as well from lower-level uniformities to higher levels. Perhaps the most important key to this possibility is the conception of all systems of action as systematically articulated with others along system-subsystem lines. The basic system types designated here as organisms, personalities, social systems, and cultural systems must be regarded as subsystems of the general category of action system. Each of these in turn is differentiated into further subsystems at different levels of elaboration. Any subsystem is articulated with other subsystems by definable categories of input-output interchange, the processes, in sufficiently highly differentiated subsystems, being mediated by symbolictype mechanisms such as those discussed above. In many respects, this possibility of dealing with multiple system references and of ke ping straight the distinctions and articulations between them, has turned out to be the greatest enrichment of theoretical analysis developed from Dubin's Model II. A flat conception of a single system reference which must be accepted or rejected on an all-or-none basis for the analysis of complex empirical problems, cannot possibly do justice to the formidable difficulties in the study of human action.
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“According to the scarcity hypothesis, role conflict arises when time and resources are limited and an individual faces conflicting expectation across different roles (46).”
From Caring alone: older adult care burdens, practices, and structural imbalances among China's one-child generation (2025) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“Role conflict generates stress, as resources become scarce or depleted while trying to balance multiple roles. This can negatively affect caregivers’ psychological well-being, physical health, and financial stability (26, 46, 47).”
From Caring alone: older adult care burdens, practices, and structural imbalances among China's one-child generation (2025) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, the experience of cultural conflict (i.e., feeling caught or trapped between one's two cultural orientations) has not been explicitly acknowledged in the acculturation literature, even though this component may be similar to identity confusion (Baumister, 1986) or role conflict (Goode, 1960).”
From Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents (2005) · cites this paper as Goode, 1960
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“(Goode, 1960).”
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“This transactional stress and coping model incorporates theoretical constructs from stress and coping (Lazarus, 1977; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) and role theory (Goode, 1960).”
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“When individuals are expected to fill multiple roles, they can experience role strain in which commitment to one role detracts from the commitment to another (Goode, 1960).”
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“While our measure of identity conflict/facilitation did not distinguish among identities in terms of their importance to respondents, a body of research on identity has suggested that the salience of identity determines the allocation of the limited resources (e.g., the amount of time and energy invested in each ident…”
BackgroundCommitment to nonwork roles and job performance: Enrichment and conflict perspectives
Weer, C. H., Greenhaus, J. H., & Linnehan, F. (2009) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.07.003 · Cited by 58
Larson, J., Franzén‐Dahlin, Å., Billing, E., von Arbin, M., Murray, V., & Wredling, R. (2006) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.08.021 · Cited by 56
“According to Goode’s theory of role strain, women have a limited amount of time, energy, and commitment to dedicate to role responsibilities, trying to balance multiple roles of being a mother, wife, employee, and caregiver, which might result in role strain and burden (Goode, 1960).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Goode, W. J.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goode, William J.
- Venue
- American Sociological Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1960-08
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 483
- ISSN
- 0003-1224 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1976793337
- Cited by
- 2,454
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 143 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 88 · 2015: 107 · 2014: 98 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 81
- FWCI
- 27.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Sociological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Contemporary Sociological Theory and Practice
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Weber, Simmel, Sociological Theory
- Keywords
- role strain, philosophy of action, action systems, subsystems, social systems, organism, personality, cultural systems, symbolic mechanisms, levels of analysis, generalization
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