Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and Psychosocial Antecedents

May combine two claims.

There are no gender effects and virtually no age effects for either cultural conflict or cultural distance.

“Note that there are no gender effects and virtually no age effects for either conflict or distance.”

May combine two claims.

Cultural distance is negatively associated with both English proficiency/use and American identification, but is independent from Chinese identification.

“cultural distance is negatively associated with both English proficiency/ use and American identification, but is independent from Chinese identification.”

May combine two claims.

Both years lived in the United States and years lived in a Chinese culture are inversely related to cultural distance.

“both years lived in the United States and in a Chinese culture are inversely related to cultural distance.”

May combine two claims.

The sample is overall highly bicultural: participants had lived an average of 10.8 and 14 years in American and Chinese cultures, respectively, report comparable levels of use and fluency in both English and Chinese, and identify with both cultures (with Chinese identification higher).

“our sample is overall highly bicultural: participants have been significantly exposed to both American and Chinese cultures (i.e., participants had lived an average of 10.8 and 14 years in each of these cultures, respectively), report comparable levels of use and fluency in both English and Chinese languages, and identify with both cultures (although Chinese identification is higher).”

May combine two claims.

Bicultural competence scores are unrelated to cultural conflict but are highly negatively associated with cultural distance.

“bicultural competence scores are unrelated to cultural conflict but are highly (negatively) associated with cultural distance”

May combine two claims.

The sample clearly supports an integration (biculturalism) strategy and has scores on cultural conflict and distance (as well as on BII-P) centered around the middle of the scale.

“our sample clearly supports an integration (i.e., biculturalism) strategy and has scores on cultural conflict and distance (as well as on BII-P) that are centered around the middle of the scale.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The sample reports the highest levels of acculturation stress in the work and discrimination domains and the least in the linguistic domain.

“the sample reports the highest levels of acculturation stress in the work and discrimination domains and the least in the linguistic domain.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

An oblique rotation factor analysis of BIIS-1 items yielded a two-factor structure virtually similar to the Varimax solution.

“Results from a factor analysis of the BIIS-1 items using an oblique rotation yielded a two-factor structure virtually similar to the one reported in Table 2.”

May combine two claims.

BIIS-P correlates with both the newly developed cultural conflict and distance scales.

“BIIS-P correlates with both our newly developed cultural conflict and distance scales.”

May combine two claims.

Berry's separation strategy has both a direct effect on cultural distance and an indirect effect through bicultural competence.

“Berry's separation strategy, which has both a direct effect on cultural distance, as well as an indirect effect through bicultural competence.”

May combine two claims.

Individuals who are rigid and closed to new experiences (low openness) are more likely to compartmentalize cultural identities, feel stressed about their linguistic abilities, support a separation acculturation strategy, and be less biculturally competent.

“individuals who are rigid and closed to new experiences are more likely to compartmentalize cultural identities, feel stressed about their linguistic abilities, support a separation acculturation strategy, and be less biculturally competent”

May combine two claims.

Neurotic individuals who tend to feel vulnerable and anxious are more likely to perceive conflict between their cultural identities and also experience stress in the linguistic and intercultural relations domains.

“neurotic individuals who tend to feel vulnerable and anxious are more likely to perceive conflict between their cultural identities and also experience stress in the linguistic and intercultural relations domains”

May combine two claims.

Cultural conflict is predicted by having a neurotic disposition, experiencing linguistic acculturation stress, and facing the interpersonal acculturation challenges of discrimination and strained intercultural relations.

“Cultural conflict, on the other hand, is predicted by having a neurotic disposition, experiencing linguistic acculturation stress, and facing the interpersonal acculturation challenges of discrimination and strained intercultural relations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The final path model includes all paths with coefficients significant at p < .05.

“This figure includes all the paths that had coefficients significant at a p value of .05 or lower.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are several significant associations between the Big Five traits and demographic/acculturation variables such as years lived in the United States and a Chinese country, and the language and cultural identification variables.

“An examination of Appendix A reveals several significant associations between the Big Five traits and demographic/acculturation variables such as years lived in the United States and a Chinese country, and the language and cultural identification variables”

May combine two claims.

Cultural distance is predicted largely by feelings of cultural isolation and, like cultural conflict, by linguistic challenges.

“Cultural distance, on the other hand, is predicted largely by feelings of cultural isolation and, like cultural conflict, by linguistic challenges.”

May combine two claims.

The study identified two distinct bicultural identity constructs: cultural distance (attitudes regarding the conceptual organization of dual cultures) and cultural conflict (feelings associated with the emotional process of navigating one's position within and between each culture).

“In doing so, we identified two distinct and little understood bicultural identity constructs: attitudes regarding the conceptual organization of dual cultures (i.e., cultural distance) and feelings associated with the emotional process of navigating one's position within and between each culture (cultural conflict), each with largely different personality and sociocultural antecedents.”

May combine two claims.

Cultural distance is somewhat positively associated with the endorsement of a separation acculturation strategy and negatively correlated with American cultural identification.

“cultural distance is somewhat positively associated with the endorsement of a separation acculturation strategy and negatively correlated with American cultural identification.”

May combine two claims.

The perception that one's two cultures are nonoverlapping, dissociated, and distant from one another is related to more learning-and performance-related aspects of the acculturation experience, including amount of exposure to each culture, acculturation attitudes (separation and/or integration), English and ethnic language proficiency and use, and identification with mainstream culture (but not با

“the perception that one's two cultures are nonoverlapping, dissociated, and distant from one another is related to more learning-and performance-related aspects of the acculturation experience, including the amount of exposure to each culture, acculturation attitudes (separation and/ or integration), English and ethnic language proficiency and use, and identification with mainstream culture (but”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The alpha reliabilities for the English and Chinese language proficiency and use scales were .82 and .85, respectively.

“The alpha reliabilities for the English and Chinese language proficiency and use scales were .82and .85,respectively.”

May combine two claims.

Berry's taxonomy supports the argument that acculturation is not a linear process but a multidimensional process that includes one's orientation to both one's ethnic culture and the larger society.

“Berry's taxonomy supports the argument that ''acculturation is not a linear process, with individuals ranging from unacculturated to assimilated, but rather a multidimensional process that includes one's orientation to both one's ethnic culture and the larger society'' (Phinney, 1996, p. 922).”

• cites Phinney, 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The alpha reliabilities for the RASI Language, Discrimination, Intercultural Relations, Cultural Isolation, and Work scales were .84, .80, .75, .68, and .68, respectively.

“Alphas for the Language, Discrimination, Intercultural Relations, Cultural Isolation, and Work scales were .84,.80,.75,.68,and .68,respectively.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The relatively low reliability of the four acculturation strategy scales suggests that scores on them should be interpreted with caution.

“These relatively low levels of reliability are somewhat problematic and suggest that scores on the four acculturation strategies should be interpreted with caution”

May combine two claims.

There is robust evidence supporting the psychometric validity of the bidirectional model of acculturation and its advantages over unidimensional models in predicting a wide array of outcomes.

“There is now robust evidence supporting the psychometric validity of this bidirectional model of acculturation and its advantages over unidimensional models in predicting a wide array of outcomes (Flannery, 1998;Ryder, Allen, & Paulhus, 2000;Tsai, Ying, & Lee, 2000).”

• cites Flannery, 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ryder, Allen, & Paulhus, 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tsai, Ying, & Lee, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The solo experience may often be associated with self-consciousness regarding one's English skills and/or the experience of racial/cultural social rejection.

“this suggests that the ''solo'' experience may be often be associated with self-consciousness regarding one's English skills and/or the experience of racial/cultural social rejection (Pollak & Niemann, 1998).”

• cites Pollak & Niemann, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In the present study, the alpha reliabilities for the assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization scales were .63, .55, .55, and .53, respectively.

“In the present study, the alpha reliabilities for the assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization scales were .63,.55,.55,and .53,respectively.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the present study, alpha reliabilities for the BFI Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness scales were .78, .73, .82, .84, and .80, respectively.

“In the present study, alpha reliabilities for the Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness scales were .78,.73,.82,.84,and .80,respectively.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The sample size was somewhat small.

“We should note that the somewhat small size of our sample reflects the difficulty of finding ethnically diverse samples of participants in the Midwest who not only described themselves as ''bicultural'' but also fulfilled all of our other demographic criteria.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Acculturation stress is a multifaceted experience related to interpersonal, intellectual/professional, and structural pressures.

“According to the acculturation and ethnic minority literature (e.g., Gil, Vega, & Dimas, 1994;Mena, Padilla, & Maldonado, 1987;Saldan˜a, 1994), stress associated with the acculturation process is a multifaceted experience related to interpersonal, intellectual/professional, and structural pressures.”

• cites Gil, Vega, & Dimas, 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mena, Padilla, & Maldonado, 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Saldan˜a, 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The alpha reliabilities for the BIIS-1 conflict and distance scales were .74 and .69, respectively.

“The alphas for the conflict and distance scales were .74and .69,respectively.”

May combine two claims.

In Benet-Martinez et al.'s (2002) study, high and low BIIs were consistently similar in their endorsement of Berry's integrative acculturation strategy and in basic demographic variables such as years spent in the United States and age of migration.

“In addition, in Benet-Martı´nez et al.'s (2002) study, high and low BIIs were consistently similar in their endorsement of Berry's integrative acculturation strategy (Berry, 1990) and in basic demographic variables such as years spent in the United States and age of migration”

• cites Benet-Martı´nez et al., 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Berry, 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Individuals high on BII tend to see themselves as part of a hyphenated culture and find it easy to integrate both cultures in their everyday lives.

“Individuals high on BII tend to see themselves as part of a ''hyphenated culture'' (or even part of a combined, ''third,'' emerging culture) and find it easy to integrate both cultures in their everyday lives.”

• cites Benet-Martı´nez et al., 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Compared with high BIIs, low BIIs tended to be less proficient in English and less identified with American culture.

“however, the study also found that, compared with high BIIs, low BIIs tended to be less proficient in English and less identified with American culture.”

• cites Benet-Martı´nez et al., 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The studies assessed cultural distance and conflict abstractly, context-free, and normatively.

“A fifth limitation concerns the abstract, context-free, and normative assessment of cultural distance and conflict in our studies.”

May combine two claims.

BII involves two independent psychological constructs, cultural conflict and cultural distance, each representing unique and separate aspects of the dynamic intersection between mainstream and ethnic cultural identities in bicultural individuals.

“BII seems to involve two independent psychological constructs, cultural conflict and cultural distance, each representing unique and separate aspects of the dynamic intersection between mainstream and ethnic cultural identities in bicultural individuals.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The conceptualization of low bicultural competence does not differentiate between individuals with strong competence in one culture only and individuals with medium-weak competence in both cultures.

“Note that our conceptualization of low bicultural competence does not differentiate between (1) individuals with strong competence in one culture (American or Chinese) only, and (2) individuals with medium-weak competence in both cultures.”

May combine two claims.

Cultural distance appears to be driven by low openness, linguistic stress, and cultural isolation.

“In conclusion, cultural distance appears to be driven by dispositional factors, such as (low) openness, and perceived contextual pressures, such as stress in the linguistic domain and the experience of cultural isolation.”

May combine two claims.

Perceptions of cultural distance are more similar to, yet not interchangeable with, traditional acculturation concepts regarding attitudes and behavior.

“perceptions of cultural distance are more similar to, yet not interchangeable with, traditional acculturation concepts regarding attitudes and behavior.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Discrimination and cultural isolation are likely to impact biculturals' overall adjustment.

“Fourth, although our study identified some negative antecedents of low BII (e.g., discrimination, cultural isolation) that are likely to impact biculturals' overall adjustment, additional work is needed to examine empirically how acculturation stressors and cultural conflict and distance separately and jointly influence overall psychological well-being (e.g., levels of anxious and depressed mood).”

May combine two claims.

Cultural distance, but not cultural conflict, is related to objective, learning-and performance-based aspects of the acculturation experience (e.g., amount of cultural exposure, language proficiency).

“these results suggest that cultural distance, but not cultural conflict, is related to objective, learning-and performance-based aspects of the acculturation experience (e.g., amount of cultural exposure, language proficiency).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Until future studies examine BII in larger bicultural samples and with different cultural groups, the independence of cultural conflict and distance (and the proposed reconceptualization of BII) should be interpreted with caution and not be seen as conclusive.

“until future studies examine BII in larger bicultural samples and with different cultural groups, the independence of cultural conflict and distance (and our proposed reconceptualization of BII) should be interpreted with caution and not be seen as conclusive.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

BII should perhaps be conceptualized as a process more than a construct, and cultural distance and conflict may be two important components in this process.

“perhaps BII should be conceptualized as a process more than a construct, and cultural distance and conflict may be two important components in this process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The processes proposed in Figure 1 occur over time and probably include bidirectional effects.

“Finally, it is important to note that the processes proposed in Figure 1, like most psychological processes, occur over time and probably include bidirectional effects (Baron & Kenny, 1986).”

• cites Baron & Kenny, 1986Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Low openness, linguistic stress, and cultural isolation may challenge biculturals' feelings of efficacy in creating a combined, synergistic cultural identity, leading to the perception that biculturalism is a dichotomy.

“We propose that all of these factors may challenge biculturals' feelings of efficacy in creating a combined, synergistic cultural identity, thus leading to the perception that ''biculturalism is a dichotomy'' (see earlier quotation).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Cultural and cross-cultural psychology are moving away from an initial focus on cultural differences and dynamics between groups toward an interest in how cultures are negotiated and played out within the individual.

“Cultural and cross-cultural psychology seem to be moving away from an initial focus on cultural differences and dynamics between groups toward an interest in how cultures are negotiated and played out within the individual (Phinney, 1999).”

• cites Phinney, 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The sample size was somewhat small for testing complex models.

“Third, our sample size was somewhat small for the testing of complex models, and, given the exploratory nature of this study, our findings and conclusions should be validated in future studies with larger numbers of participants.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The study is not measuring the broader construct of cultural competence; rather, it is interested in differentiating between individuals who display significant and comparable levels of involvement with their two cultures from those who do not.

“Recall that we are not measuring the broader construct of ''cultural competence'' (i.e., being able to adequately function in ''some'' culture or cultures, which could perhaps be measured as a continuum); rather, we are interested in differentiating between individuals who display significant and comparable levels of involvement with their two cultures from those who do not.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The theoretical framing of the results in terms of personality and contextual antecedents of cultural conflict and distance is consistent with existing personality and acculturation literature.

“However, our theoretical framing of these results in terms of personality and contextual antecedents of cultural conflict and distance is consistent with existing personality and acculturation literature (Ryder et al., 2000;Saldan˜a, 1994).”

• cites Ryder et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Saldan˜a, 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The present study proposes and evaluates one possible model that closely fits and helps explain the experiences of identity negotiation among biculturals.

“however, the present study makes an important first contribution by proposing and evaluating one possible model that closely fits and helps explain the experiences of identity negotiation among biculturals.”