Cited by 7,151Economic Theory and InstitutionsLaw, Economics, and Judicial SystemsOutsourcing and Supply Chain Management

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Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives

Williamson, Oliver E.·1991·Administrative Science Quarterly

DOI 10.2307/2393356

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Abstract

Oliver E. Williamson University of California, Berkeley This paper combines institutional economics with aspects of contract law and organization theory to identify and explicate the key differences that distinguish three generic forms of economic organization-market, hybrid, and hierarchy. The analysis shows that the three generic forms are distinguished by different coordinating and control mechanisms and by different abilities to adapt to disturbances. Also, each generic form is supported and defined by a distinctive type of contract law. The costeffective choice of organization form is shown to vary systematically with the attributes of transactions. The paper unifies two hitherto disjunct areas of institutional economics-the institutional environment and the institutions of governance-by treating the institutional environment as a locus of parameters, changes in which parameters bring about shifts in the comparative costs of governance. Changes in property rights, contract law, reputation effects, and uncertainty are investigated.'

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Authors: Williamson, O. E.
Corresponding author: Williamson, Oliver E.
Venue: Administrative Science Quarterly
Publisher: JSTOR
Published: 1991-06
Volume: 36
Issue: 2
Pages: 269
ISSN: 0001-8392 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/2393356
OpenAlex: W2109280325
Cited by: 7,151
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 138 · 2025: 111 · 2024: 175 · 2023: 218 · 2022: 224 · 2021: 299 · 2020: 253 · 2019: 262 · 2018: 271 · 2017: 275 · 2016: 238 · 2015: 293 · 2014: 312 · 2013: 351 · 2012: 356
FWCI: 99.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Administrative Science Quarterly (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Theory and Institutions
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management
Keywords: market organization, hybrid organizations, hierarchy, coordination mechanisms, control mechanisms, organizational adaptation, contract law, property rights, reputation effects, uncertainty, transaction costs, governance costs, institutional environment, organizational form choice

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Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives

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