The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications

Gregg, Kevin R., Krashen, Stephen D.·1986·TESOL Quarterly

DOI 10.2307/3586393

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2307/3586393

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

FREQUENCY EFFECTS IN LANGUAGE PROCESSING: A Review with Implications for Theories of Implicit and Explicit Language Acquisition
Ellis, N. C. (2002) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263102002024 · Cited by 2,230
We Acquire Vocabulary and Spelling by Reading: Additional Evidence for the Input Hypothesis
KRASHEN, S. (1989) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1989.tb05325.x · Cited by 1,274
Self-citation
Research on Negotiation: What Does It Reveal About Second‐Language Learning Conditions, Processes, and Outcomes?
Pica, T. (1994) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01115.x · Cited by 1,200
Attention, Memory, and the “Noticing” Hypothesis
Robinson, P. (1995) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1995.tb00441.x · Cited by 745
Incidental Language Learning: Listening (and Learning) Out of the Corner of Your Ear
Saffran, J. R., Newport, E. L., Aslin, R. N., Tunick, R. A., & Barrueco, S. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00690.x · Cited by 675
Pronunciation Fundamentals: Evidence-based perspectives for L2 teaching and research
Derwing, T. M., & Munro, M. J. (2015) · Language Learning & Language Teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.42 · Cited by 656
Form-Focussed Instruction and Second Language Acquisition: A Review of Classroom and Laboratory Research
Spada, N. (1997) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444800012799 · Cited by 632
Setting an Agenda for Positive Psychology in SLA: Theory, Practice, and Research
MACINTYRE, P. D., GREGERSEN, T., & MERCER, S. (2019) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12544 · Cited by 579
Introducing positive psychology to SLA
Mercer, S., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2014) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.2 · Cited by 523
Second language acquisition: Theoretical and experimental issues in contemporary research
Epstein, S. D., Flynn, S., & Martohardjono, G. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00043521 · Cited by 520
Instructed SLA: Constraints, Compensation, and Enhancement
Doughty, C. J. (2003) · The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1002/9780470756492.ch10 · Cited by 519
The Four Strands
Nation, P. (2007) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.2167/illt039.0 · Cited by 494
Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Second Language Fluency
Schmidt, R. (1992) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263100011189 · Cited by 458
Task-Based Language Teaching: Theory and Practice
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · doi:10.1017/9781108643689 · Cited by 407
Attention and Memory during SLA
Robinson, P. (2003) · The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1002/9780470756492.ch19 · Cited by 402
Recasts, language anxiety, modified output, and L2 learning
Sheen, Y. (2008) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2008.00480.x · Cited by 330
Misconceptions About Teaching English‐language Learners
Harper, C., & de Jong, E. (2004) · Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy · doi:10.1598/jaal.48.2.6 · Cited by 299
The Effect of Functional-Analytic Teaching on Aspects of French Immersion Students' Sociolinguistic Competence
LYSTER, R. (1994) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/15.3.263 · Cited by 297
Rules and instances in foreign language learning: Interactions of explicit and implicit knowledge
Ellis, N. (1993) · European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541449308520120 · Cited by 269
Quantitative Research Methods, Study Quality, and Outcomes: The Case of Interaction Research
Plonsky, L., & Gass, S. (2011) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2011.00640.x · Cited by 267
Comprehensible Input and Second Language Acquisition: What is the Relationship?
Loschky, L. (1994) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263100013103 · Cited by 241
The Psycholinguistics of the Output Hypothesis
de Bot, K. (1996) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1996.tb01246.x · Cited by 236
Learning Simple and Complex Second Language Rules Under Implicit, Incidental, Rule-Search, and Instructed Conditions
Robinson, P. (1996) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263100014674 · Cited by 226
Second‐Language Acquisition and the Computational Paradigm*
Carroll, S. (1989) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1989.tb00902.x · Cited by 204
Implicit AND explicit language learning: Their dynamic interface and complexity
Ellis, N. C. (2015) · Studies in Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/sibil.48.01ell · Cited by 201
Modeling the Role of Second Language Proficiency and Topic Familiarity in Second Language Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition Through Reading
Pulido, D. (2003) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/1467-9922.00217 · Cited by 181
Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition: A Lexical Input Processing Approach
Barcroft, J. (2004) · Foreign Language Annals · doi:10.1111/j.1944-9720.2004.tb02193.x · Cited by 167
Comparing learners’ state anxiety during task-based interaction in computer-mediated and face-to-face communication
Baralt, M., & Gurzynski-Weiss, L. (2011) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/0265532210388717 · Cited by 157
Trait emotional intelligence and classroom emotions: A positive psychology investigation and intervention among Chinese EFL learners
Li, C., & Xu, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02453 · Cited by 156
The incidental grammar acquisition in focus on form and focus on forms instruction for young beginner learners
Shintani, N. (2015) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.166 · Cited by 129
Effects of sentence writing in second language lexical acquisition
Barcroft, J. (2004) · Second Language Research · doi:10.1191/0267658304sr233oa · Cited by 105
A comparative study of the effects of input-based and production-based instruction on vocabulary acquisition by young EFL learners
Shintani, N. (2011) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168810388692 · Cited by 98
Paying attention to the words: Practical and theoretical problems in watching television programmes with uni-lingual (CEEFAX) sub-titles
Vanderplank, R. (1990) · System · doi:10.1016/0346-251x(90)90056-b · Cited by 83
Consciousness in second language acquisition: A review of field studies and laboratory experiments
Ellis, N. C. (1995) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.1995.9959876 · Cited by 81
An exploration into the impact of WebQuest-based classroom on EFL learners’ critical thinking and academic writing skills: a mixed-methods study
Ebadi, S., & Rahimi, M. (2018) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2018.1449757 · Cited by 75
The Relationship Between Text Comprehension and Second Language Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition: A Matter of Topic Familiarity?
Pulido, D. (2007) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2007.00415.x · Cited by 75
Foreign language anxiety in female Arabs learning English: case studies
Al-Saraj, T. M. (2014) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2013.837911 · Cited by 61
Teach Mathematics: Strategies to Reach All Students
Furner, J. M., Yahya, N., & Duffy, M. L. (2005) · Intervention in School and Clinic · doi:10.1177/10534512050410010501 · Cited by 58
The Intersection between SLA and Feedback Research
Bitchener, J. (2019) · Feedback in Second Language Writing · doi:10.1017/9781108635547.007 · Cited by 57
The Anxiety Factors among Saudi EFL Learners: A Study from English Language Teachers’ Perspective
Asif, F. (2017) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v10n6p160 · Cited by 56
Does intensive explicit grammar instruction make all the difference?
Macaro, E., & Masterman, L. (2006) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1191/1362168806lr197oa · Cited by 54
Effect of Explicit and Implicit Instruction on Free Written Response Task Performance
Andringa, S., de Glopper, K., & Hacquebord, H. (2011) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00623.x · Cited by 51
“A review of research on the application of digital games in foreign language education,”
Peterson, M., White, J., Mirzaei, M. S., & Wang, Q. (2020) · Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-2591-3.ch004 · Cited by 44
EXPLORING THE INTERFACE: Explicit Focus-on-Form Instruction and Learned Attentional Biases in L2 Latin
Cintrón-Valentín, M., & Ellis, N. C. (2015) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263115000029 · Cited by 43
Investigating the effectiveness of speech-to-text recognition applications on learning performance, attention, and meditation
Shadiev, R., Huang, Y.-M., & Hwang, J.-P. (2017) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-017-9516-3 · Cited by 41
Developing preservice teachers’ self-efficacy and knowledge through online experiences with English language learners
Mahalingappa, L., Hughes, E. M., & Polat, N. (2018) · Language and Education · doi:10.1080/09500782.2017.1417996 · Cited by 30
Task‐based language learning research: expecting too much or too little?
Foster, P. (2009) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/j.1473-4192.2009.00242.x · Cited by 31
Reconsidering the Role of Interaction and Input in Second Language Acquisition
Braidi, S. M. (1995) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1995.tb00965.x · Cited by 27
A systematic review of self-coping strategies used by university students to cope with public speaking anxiety
Tee, X. T., Kamarulzaman, W., & Tan Joanna, T. A. (2020) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v13n10p57 · Cited by 23
Teacher cognition about sources of English as a foreign language (EFL) listening anxiety: a qualitative study
(2020) · Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations · doi:10.22381/lpi1920203 · Cited by 21
When Knowing Grammar Depends on Knowing Vocabulary: Native-Speaker Grammaticality Judgements of Sentences with Real and Unreal Words
Barcroft, J. (2007) · The Canadian Modern Language Review · doi:10.3138/r601-h212-5582-0737 · Cited by 14
Explicit versus Implicit Instruction: Which Is Preferable for Learning an Artificial Morphological Rule in Children?
Ferman, S., & Karni, A. (2014) · Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica · doi:10.1159/000363135 · Cited by 11
A comparative study on lexical and syntactic features of ESL versus EFL learners’ writing
Zhang, C., & Kang, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1002090 · Cited by 11
Using hypnosis to enhance learning second language vocabulary
Çetin, Y., Çimen, O. A., & Yetkiner, Z. E. (2016) · American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00029157.2015.1121373 · Cited by 9
Triggers for Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety: Perceptions of Saudi EFL College Students
Faqihi, M. A. (2024) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v17n2p1 · Cited by 4
An Empirical Study of the Effectiveness of Negotiation of Meaning in L2 Vocabulary Acquisition of Chinese Learners of English
Yi, B., & Sun, Z. (2013) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v6n10p120 · Cited by 4
A qualitative analysis of gamers' experiences with vocabulary acquisition: insights from grounded theory
Shahiwala, S., & Rahul, D. R. (2025) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2025.103864 · Cited by 2

Authors: Gregg, K. R., & Krashen, S. D.
Venue: TESOL Quarterly
Publisher: JSTOR
Published: 1986-03
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 116
ISSN: 0039-8322 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/3586393
OpenAlex: W2804903106
Cited by: 3,032
References: 0
FWCI: 128.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review