Brown and beige fat: Molecular parts of a thermogenic machine
Open accessAbstract
The epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes has increased interest in pathways that affect energy balance in mammalian systems. Brown fat, in all of its dimensions, can increase energy expenditure through the dissipation of chemical energy in the form of heat, using mitochondrial uncoupling and perhaps other pathways. We discuss here some of the thermodynamic and cellular aspects of recent progress in brown fat research. This includes studies of developmental lineages of UCP1(+) adipocytes, including the discovery of beige fat cells, a new thermogenic cell type. We also discuss the physiology and transcriptional control of brown and beige cells in rodents and the state of current knowledge about human brown fat.
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Increased total energy expenditure after exercise could result from a reestablished hypothalamic setpoint controlling energy expenditure, increased excess nutrient disposal, and thermogenesis by brown adipose tissue.
“Increased total energy expenditure could result from a reestablished hypothalamic setpoint in control of energy expenditure, increased excess nutrient disposal, and thermogenesis by BAT [34].”
From The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
The Thermodynamics section says brown fat generates heat from fuel oxidation, and Therapeutic Potential discusses glucose and lipid disposal. The paper does not connect increased energy expenditure after exercise to these processes or discuss a reestablished hypothalamic setpoint; it also treats nutrient disposal as a possible benefit of brown fat rather than a separate cause of increased energy expenditure. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe greatest benefits of BAT have been suggested to result from redistribution of nutrient disposal rather than from thermogenesis per se.
“the greatest benefits of BAT have been suggested to result from the redistribution of nutrient disposal rather than from thermogenesis per se [34].”
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- Authors
- Cohen, P., & Spiegelman, B. M.
- Affiliations
- Rockefeller University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Spiegelman, Bruce M.
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2015-06-07
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2346-2351
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- PMC
- PMC4477363
- OpenAlex
- W2122275827
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 4.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- National Institutes of Health (DK31495)
- JPB Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- brown adipose tissue, beige adipose tissue, thermogenesis, mitochondrial uncoupling, UCP1, energy expenditure, energy balance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, transcriptional regulation
- MeSH terms
- Uncoupling Protein 1, Animals, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Cold Temperature, DNA-Binding Proteins, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Ion Channels, Thermodynamics, Transcription Factors, Transcription, Genetic, Adipocytes, Thermogenesis, Mitochondrial Proteins
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