PRDM16 controls a brown fat/skeletal muscle switch
Open accessAbstract
Brown fat can increase energy expenditure and protect against obesity through a specialized program of uncoupled respiration. Here we show by in vivo fate mapping that brown, but not white, fat cells arise from precursors that express Myf5, a gene previously thought to be expressed only in the myogenic lineage. We also demonstrate that the transcriptional regulator PRDM16 (PRD1-BF1-RIZ1 homologous domain containing 16) controls a bidirectional cell fate switch between skeletal myoblasts and brown fat cells. Loss of PRDM16 from brown fat precursors causes a loss of brown fat characteristics and promotes muscle differentiation. Conversely, ectopic expression of PRDM16 in myoblasts induces their differentiation into brown fat cells. PRDM16 stimulates brown adipogenesis by binding to PPAR-gamma (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma) and activating its transcriptional function. Finally, Prdm16-deficient brown fat displays an abnormal morphology, reduced thermogenic gene expression and elevated expression of muscle-specific genes. Taken together, these data indicate that PRDM16 specifies the brown fat lineage from a progenitor that expresses myoblast markers and is not involved in white adipogenesis.
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Emerging evidence suggests that brown adipocytes located in different anatomical locations may arise from different developmental origins.
“Emerging evidence suggests that brown adipocytes located in different anatomical locations may arise from different developmental origins.”
From Cellular bioenergetics as a target for obesity therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [92]
Lineage-tracing studies have indicated that myf5-expressing progenitors can give rise to both skeletal muscle and the preformed BAT, in the interscapular and peri-renal depots.
“Most recently, lineage-tracing studies have indicated that myf5-expressing progenitors can give rise to both skeletal muscle and the preformed BAT, in the interscapular and peri-renal depots 92 (Figure 3).”
From Cellular bioenergetics as a target for obesity therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [92]
Not all brown fat cells are derived from myf5-expressing progenitors; brown fat cells emerging in white fat in response to β3-adrenergic stimulation are not marked by the myf5-driven fluorescent protein.
“However, not all brown fat cells are derived from myf5-expressing progenitors. For example, the brown fat cells emerging in white fat in response to β3-adrenergic stimulation are not marked by the myf5-driven fluorescent protein 92.”
From Cellular bioenergetics as a target for obesity therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [92]
In rodents, PRDM16 plays an important role in specifying brown fat cell fate for the interscapular, but not systemic brown adipose depots.
“Current data suggest that in rodents, PRDM16 plays an important role in specifying brown fat cell fate for the interscapular, but not systemic brown adipose depots 92.”
From Cellular bioenergetics as a target for obesity therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [92]
The genetic program leading to brown adipose tissue development, and potentially to the high abundance of mitochondria, is initiated by the zinc-finger protein PRDM16.
“The genetic program leading to brown adipose tissue development, and potentially to the high abundance of mitochondria, is initiated by the zinc-finger protein PRDM16 (202)(203)(204).”
From The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [203]
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“One is the classical brown fat that arises from a myf5, muscle-like cell lineage (29,30).”
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“Together, these observations are consistent with the link between brown fat and skeletal muscle (Seale et al., 2008).”
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“Classic brown adipocytes have been shown to share a common origin with skeletal muscle cells (Seale et al., 2008).”
BackgroundControl of brown and beige fat development
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Self-citationInitiation of myoblast to brown fat switch by a PRDM16–C/EBP-β transcriptional complex
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“3 is highly homologous to the MDS1/EVI1 gene and is transcriptionally activated in t(1;3)(p36;q21)-positive leukemia cells.”
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“PRDM16 drives the cell fate switching from skeletal myoblasts to brown adipocytes and initiates brown adipocyte differentiation by binding to PPARγ and PGC1α and β (Seale et al. 2008).”
BackgroundBrown and beige fat in humans: thermogenic adipocytes that control energy and glucose homeostasis
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“Nearly the entire population of classical brown adipocytes in the interscapular BAT arises from precursors that express Myf5, a gene known to be expressed in committed skeletal muscle precursors (32).”
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“In this regard, tracing studies have established that BA in conventional brown adipose depots, such as the interscapular pad, arise from myogenic Myf5 progenitors, but those induced to appear in WAT do not (Seale et al., 2008).”
Activated Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Regulate Beige Fat Biogenesis
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“Brown adipocytes share precursors with muscle cells, but not with white adipocytes (Seale et al., 2008).”
Evidence for two types of brown adipose tissue in humans
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Self-citationHuman BAT Possesses Molecular Signatures That Resemble Beige/Brite Cells
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“Furthermore, histological analyses showed that a new beige cell marker, CITED1, was selectively expressed in the UCP1-positive beige cells as well as in human BAT.”
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“Most recently, lineage-tracing studies have indicated that MYF5 -expressing progenitors can give rise to both skeletal muscle and the preformed BAT in the interscapular and perirenal depot”
BackgroundMaster Transcription Factors Determine Cell-Type-Specific Responses to TGF-β Signaling
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“Of note, genetic loss of PRDM16 (PR domain-containing protein 16) or Myf5-positive precursor-specific deletion of EHMT1 (histone N-methyltransferase), a key enzymatic coregulator of PRDM16, halts brown adipocyte differentiation and promotes ectopic activation of the muscle-selective gene program [25,29], whereas matur…”
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“BAT develops embryonically, derived from Myf5- and Pax7-expressing precursor cells in the mesoderm that also give rise to skeletal muscle cells and a portion of white adipocytes (Lepper and Fan, 2010; Sanchez-Gurmaches et al., 2012; Seale et al., 2008; Wang and Seale, 2016).”
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“We analyzed the expression of the adipogenic marker Adiponectin and the BAT-specific genes Ucp1 and Cidea in pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells.”
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“C/EBP not only controls the 5 induction of PPAR and C/EBP expression but also acts as a pioneer factor to facilitate the genomic binding of PPAR , C/EBP and other adipogenic TFs during adipogenesis (Siersbaek et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe Regulation and Physiology of Mitochondrial Proton Leak
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in obesity
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“Also, PRDM16 interacts with C-terminal binding proteins, CtBP1 and Ct-BP2, to repress white adipocyte genes [47], and reducing PRDM16 in brown adipocytes blocks mitochondrial gene expression and increases myogenic markers [48].”
BackgroundBrown versus White Adipose Tissue: A Mini-Review
Saely, C. H., Geiger, K. D., & Drexel, H. (2010) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000321319 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
The adipose organ of obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice is composed of mixed white and brown adipocytes
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“Cell Culture Retrovirus production and infection from pMSCV-PRDM16 or pMSCV-GFP was performed as described previously (Seale et al., 2008).”
InfluentialSelf-citationIdentification of inducible brown adipocyte progenitors residing in skeletal muscle and white fat
Schulz, T. J., Huang, T. L., Tran, T. T., Zhang, H., Townsend, K. L., Shadrach, J. L., Cerletti, M., McDougall, L. E., Giorgadze, N., Tchkonia, T., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1010929108 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
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“Of interest, two master regulators of brown phenotype induction, PRDM16 and BMP7, have recently been identified (Seale et al., 2007; Seale et al., 2008; Tseng et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAdipose tissue angiogenesis as a therapeutic target for obesity and metabolic diseases
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“Maintenance of the brown fat phenotype requires persistent expression of PR domain zinc finger protein 16 (PRDM16”
BackgroundAdipose tissue stem cells meet preadipocyte commitment: going back to the future
Cawthorn, W. P., Scheller, E. L., & MacDougald, O. A. (2011) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r021089 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Berberine activates thermogenesis in white and brown adipose tissue
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Genetic and functional characterization of clonally derived adult human brown adipocytes
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“This data suggest that despite the distinct origin of WAT and classical BAT depots during early embryogenesis (Seale et al., 2008), committed brown and white adipocytes may independently pass through a pericyte lineage.”
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“committed skeletal muscle precursors (29).”
Self-citationTranscriptional Control of Brown Fat Development
Kajimura, S., Seale, P., & Spiegelman, B. M. (2010) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2010.03.005 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
“In fact, PRDM16 interacts with a variety of canonical DNA-binding transcription factors, such as PPARa, PPARg, p53, and several members of the C/EBP family (Kajimura et al., 2009; Seale et al., 2008).”
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The genetic contribution to non-syndromic human obesity
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“These findings, and recent discoveries elucidating the developmental pathways involved in BAT formation and differentiation, notably the roles of PR domain zinc finger protein 16 (PRDM16”
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Temperature-Acclimated Brown Adipose Tissue Modulates Insulin Sensitivity in Humans
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“Recent studies have shown that BAT and skeletal muscle originate from Myf5+ precursors with Prdm16 controlling classical brown adipocyte fate (Seale et al., 2008), and transgenic expression of Prdm16 in fat tissue induces the brown-like cells in subcutaneous WAT but not intraabdominal WAT depots…”
BackgroundInfluentialPrdm16 Is Required for the Maintenance of Brown Adipocyte Identity and Function in Adult Mice
Harms, M. J., Ishibashi, J., Wang, W., Lim, H., Goyama, S., Sato, T., Kurokawa, M., Won, K., & Seale, P. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.007 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
“The precursor cells in the embryo that give rise to brown adipocytes and skeletal muscle are developmentally related (Atit et al., 2006; Lepper and Fan, 2010; Seale et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBrown-fat paucity due to impaired BMP signalling induces compensatory browning of white fat
Schulz, T. J., Huang, P. C., Huang, T. L., Xue, R., McDougall, L. E., Townsend, K. L., Cypess, A. M., Mishina, Y. M., Gussoni, E., & Tseng, Y. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11943 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
The Vascular Endothelium of the Adipose Tissue Gives Rise to Both White and Brown Fat Cells
Tran, K., Gealekman, O., Frontini, A., Zingaretti, M. C., Morroni, M., Giordano, A., Smorlesi, A., Perugini, J., Matteis, R. D., Sbarbati, A., et al. (2012) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.01.008 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
“A vascular origin for white and brown adipocytes may seem to be in contradiction with the work of Seale et al., in which a common origin of BAT and skeletal muscle cells (Seale et al., 2008) was proposed.”
ResultInducible lineage tracing of Pax7‐descendant cells reveals embryonic origin of adult satellite cells
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“5>16.5 embryos, most if not all b-gal1 cells corresponded to the embryonic muscle anlagen; none were in the dorsal dermis or BAT.”
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Brown fat as a therapy for obesity and diabetes
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“AMPK: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase BAT: Brown adipose tissue CPT: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase CVD: Cardiovascular disease DMT2: Diabetes mellitus type 2 dSAT: Deep subcutaneous adipose tissue EAT: Epicardial adipose tissue FFA: Free fatty acid IMAT: Intermuscular adipose tissue ME: Mesenteric ad…”
BackgroundInfluentialOntology-Based Meta-Analysis of Global Collections of High-Throughput Public Data
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“demonstrated that brown fat cell precursors can turn into muscle cells upon the loss of PRDM16 protein”
BackgroundEBF2 Determines and Maintains Brown Adipocyte Identity
Rajakumari, S., Wu, J., Ishibashi, J., Lim, H., Giang, A.-H., Won, K., Reed, R. R., & Seale, P. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.01.015 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
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Adipocytes arise from multiple lineages that are heterogeneously and dynamically distributed
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Targeting thermogenesis in brown fat and muscle to treat obesity and metabolic disease
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“…groups using different experimental approaches support the idea that brown-like adipocytes arising in predominantly white fat depots in response to cold exposure are ontogenically different from those in the classic interscapular BAT (Atit et al., 2006; Seale et al., 2008; Petrovic et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialBone and muscle: Interactions beyond mechanical
Brotto, M. A. P., & Bonewald, L. F. (2015) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.010 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
“Pedersen and colleagues were the first research group to invent the term, ‘myokines,’ and since then, other muscle secreted factors have been documented by several research labs, including IL-8 that seems to stimulate angiogenesis(10), brain-derived neutrophic factor (BDNF)(11), irisin, a potent regulator of the conve…”
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- Authors
- Seale, P., Bjork, B., Yang, W., Kajimura, S., Chin, S., Kuang, S., Scimè, A., Devarakonda, S., Conroe, H. M., Erdjument-Bromage, H., Tempst, P., Rudnicki, M. A., Beier, D. R., & Spiegelman, B. M.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Spiegelman, Bruce M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2008-08
- Volume
- 454
- Issue
- 7207
- Pages
- 961-967
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC2583329
- OpenAlex
- W2104827888
- Cited by
- 2,347
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 134 · 2020: 141 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 165 · 2016: 139 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 157 · 2013: 181 · 2012: 134
- FWCI
- 71.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R37DK031405)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR044031)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- PRDM16, brown adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, Myf5, brown adipogenesis, PPARγ, thermogenesis, myogenesis, energy expenditure, obesity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Cell Differentiation, Cell Line, Chlorocebus aethiops, DNA-Binding Proteins, Male, Transcription Factors, Muscle, Skeletal, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, COS Cells, Muscle Development, PPAR gamma, Mice, Myogenic Regulatory Factor 5, Adipocytes, Brown, Adipocytes, White
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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