Soy Protein Intake, Cardiorenal Indices, and C-Reactive Protein in Type 2 Diabetes With Nephropathy
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE—Several short-term trials on the effect of soy consumption on cardiovascular risks are available, but little evidence exists regarding the impact of long-term soy protein consumption among type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. To determine the effects of long-term soy consumption on cardiovascular risks, we measured C-reactive protein (CRP) and kidney function indexes among type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This longitudinal randomized clinical trial was conducted among 41 type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy (18 men and 23 women). Twenty patients in the soy protein group consumed a diet containing 0.8 g protein/kg body weight (35% animal proteins, 35% textured soy protein, and 30% vegetable proteins) and 21 patients in the control group consumed a similar diet containing 70% animal proteins and 30% vegetable proteins for 4 years. RESULTS—Soy protein consumption significantly affected cardiovascular risks such as fasting plasma glucose (mean change in the soy protein versus control groups: −18 ± 3 vs. 11 ± 2 mg/dl; P = 0.03), total cholesterol (−23 ± 5 vs. 10 ± 3 mg/dl; P = 0.01), LDL cholesterol (−20 ± 5 vs. 6 ± 2 mg/dl; P = 0.01), and serum triglyceride (−24 ± 6 vs. −5 ± 2 mg/dl; P = 0.01) concentrations. Serum CRP levels were significantly decreased by soy protein intake compared with those in the control group (1.31 ± 0.6 vs. 0.33 ± 0.1 mg/l; P = 0.02). Significant improvements were also seen in proteinuria (−0.15 ± 0.03 vs. 0.02 ± 0.01 g/day; P = 0.001) and urinary creatinine (−1.5 ± 0.9 vs. 0.6 ± 0.3 mg/dl, P = 0.01) by consumption of soy protein. CONCLUSIONS—Longitudinal soy protein consumption significantly affected cardiovascular risk factors and kidney-related biomarkers among type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.
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For people with DKD and macroalbuminuria, changing to a more soy-based source of protein may improve CVD risk factors but does not appear to alter proteinuria.
“For people with DKD and macroalbuminuria, changing to a more soy-based source of protein may improve CVD risk factors but does not appear to alter proteinuria (322,323).”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [323]
The Results (p. 1) support improvement in cardiovascular risk factors but report a significant reduction in proteinuria with soy protein, contrary to the claim that it does not appear to alter proteinuria. The Results (p. 3) also note that the proteinuria finding lost significance after adjustment for changes in blood lipids; that qualification does not erase the reported unadjusted improvement. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFor people with DKD and macroalbuminuria, changing to a more soy-based source of protein may improve CVD risk factors but does not appear to alter proteinuria.
“For people with DKD and macroalbuminuria, changing to a more soy-based source of protein may improve CVD risk factors but does not appear to alter proteinuria (322,323).”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [322]
The Methods (p. 1) describe patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy and urinary protein excretion of 300–1,000 mg/day, but do not establish albumin-specific macroalbuminuria. The Results (p. 3) support improved cardiovascular risk factors, but report a significant reduction in proteinuria with soy; that finding lost significance only after adjustment for changes in blood lipids. Thus the claim that soy does not appear to alter proteinuria does not reflect the paper's overall finding. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStatins and angiotensin II receptor antagonists ameliorate the postprandial inflammatory response in obese patients.
“Certain medications including statins and angiotensin II receptor antagonists ameliorate the postprandial inflammatory response in obese patients (167) .”
From Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [167]
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- Authors
- Azadbakht, L., Atabak, S., & Esmaillzadeh, A.
- Affiliations
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Shahid Beheshti University (IR)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2008-04-01
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 648-654
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2118088187
- Cited by
- 257
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 14.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Dialysis and Renal Disease Management
- Keywords
- soy protein, type 2 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, C-reactive protein, cardiovascular risk factors, renal function, proteinuria, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, protein intake, textured soy protein, long-term dietary intervention
- MeSH terms
- Aged, C-Reactive Protein, Energy Intake, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Angiopathies, Diabetic Nephropathies, Diabetic Retinopathy, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Cholesterol, LDL, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Triglycerides, Vegetables, Soybean Proteins
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