Cited by 231Bariatric Surgery and OutcomesPharmacology and Obesity TreatmentObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

Treatment Modalities of Obesity

Hainer, Vojtĕch, Toplak, Hermann, Mitrakou, Asimina·2008·Diabetes Care

Abstract

The prevalence of obesity is increasing in both developed and developing countries, with rates reaching ∼10–35% among adults in the Euro-American region. Obesity is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, arthritis, and some type of cancers. Obesity significantly affects the quality of life and reduces the average life expectancy. The effective treatment of obesity should address both the medical and the social burden of this disease. Obesity needs to be treated within the health care system as any other complex disease, with empathy and without prejudice. Both health care providers and patients should know that the obesity treatment is a lifelong task. They should also set realistic goals before starting the treatment, whereas keeping in mind that even a modest weight loss of 5–15% significantly reduces obesity-related health risks. Essential treatment of obesity includes low-calorie low-fat diets, increased physical activity, and strategies contributing to the modification of lifestyle. Anti-obesity drugs facilitate weight loss and contribute to further amelioration of obesity-related health risks. A short-term weight loss, up to 6 months, is usually achieved easily. However, the long-term weight management is often associated with a lack of compliance, failures, and a high dropout rate. Regular physical activity, cognitive behavioral modification of lifestyle, and administration of anti-obesity drugs improve weight loss maintenance. Bariatric surgery is an effective strategy to treat severely obese patients. Bariatric surgery leads to a substantial improvement of comorbidities as well as to a reduction in overall mortality by 25–50% during the long-term follow-up. Obesity treatment should be individually tailored and the following factors should be taken into account: sex, the degree of obesity, individual health risks, psychobehavioral and metabolic characteristics, and the outcome of previous weight loss attempts. In the future, an evaluation of hormonal and genetic determinants of weight loss could also contribute to a better choice of individual therapy for a particular obese patient. A multilevel obesity management network of mutually collaborating facilities should be established to provide individually tailored treatment. Centers of excellence in obesity management represented by multidisciplinary teams should provide comprehensive programs for the treatment of obesity derived from evidence-based medicine.

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Crossref · 10.2337/dc08-s265

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Authors
Hainer, V., Toplak, H., & Mitrakou, A.
Affiliations
  • Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
  • Medical University of Graz (AT)
  • Henry Dunant Hospital (GR)
Venue
Diabetes Care
Published
2008-02-01
Volume
31
Issue
Supplement_2
Pages
S269-S277
ISSN
  • 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
  • 1935-5548
OpenAlex
W2033981979
Cited by
231
References
80
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 13
FWCI
4.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords
obesity treatment, weight loss, anti-obesity drugs, bariatric surgery, lifestyle modification, physical activity, cognitive behavioral therapy, weight loss maintenance, multidisciplinary obesity management, obesity-related comorbidities, personalized treatment, obesity prevalence
MeSH terms
Behavior Therapy, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Reducing, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Life Style, Obesity, Weight Loss, Exercise, Prevalence, Anti-Obesity Agents

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