An overview of the contribution of fatness and fitness factors, and the role of exercise, in the formation of health status for individuals who are overweight
Open accessAbstract
Over the last half century there has been an epidemic of diminished health status induced by what seems as a concurrent rise in a population of individuals that are overfat. During the past few decades, the use of exercise has become a staple in the prevention and treatment options for the retarding the development of health issues pertaining to individuals who are overweight, overfatness or experience obesity. However, there are few studies and reviews look at the global issues surrounding the metabolic and hormone consequences of overfatness and the interaction of exercise with adiposity in humans developing the health status for the individual. This review offers an insight into our current understanding of health issues pertaining to metabolic and hormonal disruption related to overfatness and the treatment effect that exercise, especially resistance exercise, can have on impacting the health status, and overall well-being, for individuals who are overfat, regardless of body compositional changes leading toward a lessening of diseased state, and eventually a return to a normal health status for the individual.
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Improvements from altering health behaviors appear to stem from endocrinological changes that occur with overfatness and following exposure to exercise.
“Where these improvements appear to stem from a number of endocrinological changes that occur with both expression of overfatness and following exposure to exercise that ultimately alters the health status for the individual who is overfat [18,19,26,28,30,32-34].”
High circulating insulin is a key indicator for metabolic health issues in overfat adults.
“one of the key indicators for metabolic health issues for adults that are overfat is high levels of circulating insulin”
Changes in humoral factors are necessary for improvement in health status.
“The changes elicited in humoral factors (e.g., hormone/cytokines, blood lipids and biomarkers of inflammation) are necessary for improvement in health status that many have previously discussed in a number of reviews on this topic [18-21,26,31,32,34,42].”
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Association Between Fitness and Changes in Body Composition and Muscle Strength
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Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Adiposity, and All-Cause Mortality in Women
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The anabolic effects of GH/IGF system on bone
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“Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) [86,97-103] Liver, Skeletal Muscle, Bone Skeletal Muscle (hypertrophy, add non-contractile and contractile protein) ↓ with associated ↑ in IGF-BP ↑followed by ↓ ↔, ↑,↓”
BackgroundInfluentialHow physical activity can work?
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Leptin Sensitivity in Skeletal Muscle Is Modulated by Diet and Exercise
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Adiposity and Sex Hormones in Girls
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The Emerging Link Between Hypogonadism and Metabolic Syndrome
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“Testosterone/Adrenal Androgens [72-82] Testes Adrenal Cortex Skeletal Muscle (hypertrophy, add contractile tissue)”
BackgroundAdiponectin and myocardial infarction: a paradox or a paradigm?
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The Effect of Duration of Resistance Training Interventions in Children Who Are Overweight or Obese
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Determinants of IGF1 and GH across the weight spectrum: from anorexia nervosa to obesity
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Fat Loss Depends on Energy Deficit Only, Independently of the Method for Weight Loss
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TNF-α Inhibits Insulin Action in Liver and Adipose Tissue: A Model of Metabolic Syndrome
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Self-citationACSM/AHA JOINT POSITION STATEMENT
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Fit or Fat? A Review of the Debate on Deaths Attributable to Obesity
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Dyck DJ Adipokines as regulators of muscle metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism Physiologie appliquée, nutrition et métabolisme 2009 34 396 402 19448705
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Clark, J. E. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40200-015-0154-1 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationClark, J. (2016) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5604/20831862.1212974 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationBombak, A. E. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2456-0 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Suryanamaskar: An equivalent approach towards management of physical fitness in obese females
Shimpi, A. P., Shyam, A. K., Sancheti, P., Jakhotia, K., Rairikar, S. A., Mhendale, P., & Hatekar, R. (2014) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/0973-6131.146053 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Fonseca, T. R., Mendes, T. T., Ramos, G. P., Cabido, C. E. T., Morandi, R. F., Ferraz, F. O., de Miranda, A. S., Mendonça, V. A., Teixeira, A. L., Garcia, E. S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Environmental and Public Health · doi:10.1155/2021/1304139 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kim, S., Kim, J. Y., Lee, D., Lee, H. S., Lee, J., & Jeon, J. Y. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085742 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
On the Futility of Screening for Genes That Make You Fat
Veerman, L. J. (2011) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001114 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Clark, J. E., & Welch, S. (2021) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/0260106020982362 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationGoddard, A. M., & Morrow, D. (2015) · International journal of evidence based coaching and mentoring · doi:10.1177/174183051501300208 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Clark, J. E. (2018) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-018-0450-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationFitness and Fatness: Body Mass Index versus Percent Body Fat
Bunn, J. A., Eustace, D., Miskech, T., Manor, J., & Jiroutek, M. R. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology · doi:10.31189/2165-6193-8.4.131 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Clark, J. E., Sirois, E., & Wiszniak, M. F. (2023) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-023-01042-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationCoercion versus self-selection when treating issues of overfatness: A narrative review
Clark, J. E., & Sirois, E. (2023) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/00178969231171886 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationFerreira, A., Garavelo, J. J., Altimari, L. R., Gabardo, J. M., Freitas, L. A. G., Buzzachera, C. F., Esteves, J. V. D. C., da Silva, S. G., & de Moraes, S. M. F. (2020) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-020-00625-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Clark, J. E., & Sirois, E. (2020) · Journal of Concussion · doi:10.1177/2059700220939404 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationA small switch in perspective: Comparing weight loss by nutrient balance versus caloric balance
Clark, J. E. (2024) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2024.133666 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationHemorheologic effects of low intensity endurance training in type 2 diabetic patients: A pilot study
Brun, J. ‐., Varlet‐Marie, E., de Mauverger, É. R., Fédou, C., & Pollatz, M. (2016) · Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation · doi:10.3233/ch-141916 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rayner, J. J., Chamley, R. R., Davies, R. B., O’Sullivan, O., Ladlow, P., Bennett, A. N., Nicol, E. D., Rider, O. J., & Holdsworth, D. (2025) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-025-05929-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Biases toward weight, diet, and exercise expressed by health science students and their professors
Clark, J. E., Wiszniak, M. F., Bicomong, R., Sousa, M., Jolivette, D., & Sirois, E. (2026) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-026-01764-z
Self-citation
- Authors
- Clark, J. E.
- Corresponding author
- Clark, James E
- ORCID
- Clark, James E
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders
- Published
- 2012-10-11
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-19
- ISSN
- 2251-6581 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3602007
- OpenAlex
- W2135198037
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 1.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- overweight, obesity, physical activity, resistance training, body composition, metabolic disruption, endocrine disruption, health status, adiposity, obesity treatment
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