Dim Light at Night Does Not Disrupt Timing or Quality of Sleep in Mice
Abstract
Artificial nighttime illumination has recently become commonplace throughout the world; however, in common with other animals, humans have not evolved in the ecological context of chronic light at night. With prevailing evidence linking the circadian, endocrine, immune, and metabolic systems, understanding these relationships is important to understanding the etiology and progression of several diseases. To eliminate the covariate of sleep disruption in light at night studies, researchers often use nocturnal animals. However, the assumption that light at night does not affect sleep in nocturnal animals remains unspecified. To test the effects of light at night on sleep, we maintained Swiss-Webster mice in standard light/dark (LD) or dim light at night (DLAN) conditions for 8-10 wks and then measured electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) biopotentials via wireless telemetry over the course of two consecutive days to determine differences in sleep timing and homeostasis. Results show no statistical differences in total percent time, number of episodes, maximum or average episode durations in wake, slow-wave sleep (SWS), or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. No differences were evident in SWS delta power, an index of sleep drive, between groups. Mice kept in DLAN conditions showed a relative increase in REM sleep during the first few hours after the dark/light transition. Both groups displayed normal 24-h circadian rhythms as measured by voluntary running wheel activity. Groups did not differ in body mass, but a marked negative correlation of body mass with percent time spent awake and a positive correlation of body mass with time spent in SWS was evident. Elevated body mass was also associated with shorter maximum wake episode durations, indicating heavier animals had more trouble remaining in the wake vigilance state for extended periods of time. Body mass did not correlate with activity levels, nor did activity levels correlate with time spent in different sleep states. These data indicate that heavier animals tend to sleep more, potentially contributing to further weight gain. We conclude that chronic DLAN exposure does not significantly affect sleep timing or homeostasis in mice, supporting the use of dim light with nocturnal rodents in chronobiology research to eliminate the possible covariate of sleep disruption.
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Studies using nocturnal species demonstrate that sleep disruption is not the only cause of effects of disrupted circadian rhythms on human mood, as sleep remains intact when animals are exposed to dim light at night.
“This is important because most effects of disrupted circadian rhythms on human mood are attributed to sleep disruption, but studies using nocturnal species demonstrate that this is not the only cause as sleep remains intact when animals are exposed to dim light at night56.”
From Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [56]
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- Authors
- Borniger, J. C., Weil, Z. M., Zhang, N., & Nelson, R. J.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Borniger, Jeremy C.
- Venue
- Chronobiology International
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-07-09
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1016-1023
- ISSN
- 0742-0528 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-6073
- OpenAlex
- W2313891063
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 2.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chronobiology International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Institutional Repository (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ohio State University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- dim light at night, light at night, sleep timing, sleep homeostasis, slow-wave sleep, REM sleep, body mass, nocturnal rodents, circadian rhythm, sleep-wake states, sleep disruption
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Circadian Rhythm, Darkness, Electroencephalography, Electromyography, Homeostasis, Light, Lighting, Male, Motor Activity, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sleep Stages, Telemetry, Time Factors, Weight Gain, Photoperiod, Mice
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