The non-pathogenic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 – features of a versatile probiotic
Open accessAbstract
Probiotics are non-pathogenic living microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Probiotic microorganisms most often are constituents of special foodstuffs, such as fermented milk products or food supplements. They are also employed as feed additives in livestock breeding and as active components of medical remedies in human and veterinary medicine. In the food industry, probiotics traditionally are lactic acid bacteria (LAB), especially lactobacilli and lactococci, although bifidobacteria and strepcococci (enterococci) are also used. In livestock breeding and medicine, besides lactic acid bacteria other non-pathogenic microorganisms with health-promoting characteristics, e.g. certain strains of yeast (‘Saccharomyces boulardii’) and Escherichia coli (E. coli Nissle 1917), are also applied. This review focuses on the probiotic E. coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN), its origin and medical history, microbiology, genetics, biological activities, safety, and toxicological aspects. Furthermore, clinical trials performed with this special E. coli strain will be summarized. The EcN strain was detected and isolated by Alfred Nissle in 1917 because of its antagonistic activity against some pathogenic entero-bacteria. With respect to its metabolic capacities, EcN is a typical E. coli strain. It is a non-pathogenic member of the Escherichia coli family, because it does does not carry pathogenic adhesion factors and does not produce any enterotoxins or cytotoxins, it is not invasive, not uropathogenic, and is rapidly killed by non-specific defense factors of blood serum. Besides this, EcN has some special characteristics that distinguish it from other pathogenic and non-pathogenic E. coli strains and are thought to be important for its probiotic activities. Thus, EcN carries so-called genomic islands (GEIs), integrated into its chromosome. On these GEIs, gene clusters coding for several fitness factors are present, e.g. genes for the production of microcins which inhibit the growth of other enterobacteria. Another strain-specific feature of EcN is a special lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in its outer cell membrane, being responsible for the fact that EcN exhibits immunomodulating properties without showing immunotoxic effects. The immunomodulating properties mainly focus on anti-inflammatory activities that are important for the clinical efficacy in remission maintenance of ulcerative colitis. Also of importance is the bacterial–epithelial crosstalk between EcN and the intestinal epithelial cells, leading to a strengthening of the epithelial barrier and the curing of ‘leaky gut’ phenomena. The restoration of a disturbed gut barrier by EcN is thought to be due to the stimulation of epithelial defensin production as well as to a ‘sealing effect’ on the tight junctions of the enterocytes. EcN has also been shown to induce the development of the gut immune system in animal models and human newborns. In addition, it has been found that products of EcN metabolism, probably acetic acid, promote colonic motility that might be helpful for therapeutic application in chronically constipated patients. Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) have shown EcN to be therapeutically effective in rather diverse indications, such as ulcerative colitis, chronic constipation, and acute and protracted diarrhea.
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E. coli Nissle 1917 synthesizes and releases colibactin, a mutagenic substance that promotes colorectal polyposis and cancer and reduces cancer response to irinotecan.
“having the capability of synthetizing and releasing colibactin, a mutagenic substance described to promote colorectal polyposis and cancer, and reducing cancer response to irinotecan [26, 34–39].”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
E. coli Nissle 1917 is pks-positive.
“the most widely used E. coli-based probiotic, known as E. coli Nissle 1917 (DSM 6601), is pks-positive.”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
E. coli Nissle 1917 has common type fimbria (F1A), F1C fimbria, and Curli fimbria.
“having common type fimbria (F1A), F1C fimbria, and Curli fimbria (respectively described as involved in biofilm formation and adhesion (F1A), gut and bladder colonization (F1C), and in bacterial aggregation (Curli) [26, 27]”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
E. coli Nissle 1917 is strong bile-resistant and colonizing due to the gene Rfah.
“being strong bile-resistant and colonizing also due to the gene Rfah [26, 33]”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
E. coli Nissle 1917 has O6 repeating units for LPS, K5-type capsule, and H1-type flagella.
“having O6 repeating units for LPS (a feature commonly found in extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli strains), K5-type for capsule (described to make serum-resistant the extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli strains), and H1-type for flagella (responsible for strain motility) [26, 29, 30]”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
E. coli Nissle 1917 has siderophores for iron acquisition.
“having siderophores for iron acquisition (anti-inflammatory and/or fitness factors) [26, 28]”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
E. coli Nissle 1917 has two plasmids pMUT1 and pMUT2 synthetizing microcins M and H47 active against Salmonella strains.
“having two plasmids (pMUT1 and pMUT2) synthetizing microcins M and H47 (active against Salmonella strains) [26, 31, 32]”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
The serovar for E. coli Nissle 1917 is O6:K5:H1.
“The serovar for E. coli Nissle 1917 is O6:K5:H1 [26].”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
The toxin genes hly, cnf I, etx, est, and stx were all not found in E. coli 5C.
“Regarding the genes of the most important toxins possibly found in E. coli [26], like α-Hemolysin (hly), CNF I (cytotoxic necrotizing factor I; cnf I), H-LT (heat-labile enterotoxin; etx), H-ST (heat-stable enterotoxin; est), and shiga toxins (stx), some of them also reported in Table 1, they were all not found in strain E. coli 5C.”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
Comparative analysis between E. coli 5C and Nissle 1917 shows substantial similarity in antimicrobial resistance genes, with most putative resistances being species-specific elements attributable to E. coli non-susceptibility to antibiotics commonly effective against Gram-positive bacteria.
“comparative analysis between the strain 5C and the strain Nissle 1917 shows substantial similarity in terms of antimicrobial resistance genes, where most of these putative resistances are species-specific elements attributable to the E. coli non-susceptibility to antibiotics commonly effective against Gram-positive bacteria (Online Resource 5) [26].”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
E. coli 5C was found to have the rfaH gene.
“As regards the gene rfaH, a transcriptional regulation factor enhancing the colonizing capability of E. coli strains and their capability to resist bile salts [26, 33], the strain E. coli 5C was found to have it.”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
The iron acquisition genes ent, iro, iuc/aer, ybt, and chu were all absent in E. coli 5C.
“As regards iron acquisition (siderophores) [26], we have evaluated the following genes: ent (Enterobactin), iro (Salmochelin), iuc/aer (Aerobactin), ybt (Yersiniabactin), and chu (Hemin uptake system). They were all absent in E. coli 5C.”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
When transurethrally inoculated into the bladder of female rats, Nissle 1917 determines the presence of colonies both in the bladder and in the renal tissue.
“when transurethrally inoculated into the bladder of female rats, the Nissle 1917 strain determines the presence of colonies both in the bladder and in the renal tissue [26].”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
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Chen, J. X., Steel, H., Wu, Y.-H., Wang, Y., Xu, J., Rampley, C. P. N., Thompson, I. P., Papachristodoulou, A., & Huang, W. E. (2019) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.02959-18 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Nzakizwanayo, J., Kumar, S., Ogilvie, L. A., Patel, B. A., Dedi, C., Macfarlane, W. M., & Jones, B. V. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120430 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
From the past to the future: Fermented milks and their health effects against human diseases
Zhang, T., Geng, S., Cheng, T., Mao, K., Chitrakar, B., Gao, J., & Sang, Y. (2023) · Food Frontiers · doi:10.1002/fft2.304 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Worm-Based Alternate Assessment of Probiotic Intervention against Gut Barrier Infection
Kim, J., & Moon, Y. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11092146 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The dual role of Escherichia coli in the course of ulcerative colitis
Pilarczyk-Żurek, M., Strus, M., Adamski, P., & Heczko, P. B. (2016) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-016-0540-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Probiotic Escherichia coli Ameliorates Antibiotic-Associated Anxiety Responses in Mice
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Exploring the future of probiotics with innovations in delivery systems and market insights
Ramírez, A., Bermúdez-Luque, A., Román‐Camacho, J. J., Martín-García, F. J., Moreno‐García, J., Güngörmüşler, M., & Ruiz-Castilla, F. J. (2025) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2025.107029 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sonnenborn, U., & Schulze, J.
- Affiliations
- Department of Biological Research
- Ardeypharm (Germany) (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Sonnenborn, Ulrich
- Venue
- Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 122-158
- ISSN
- 0891-060X (ISSN-L)
- 1651-2235
- OpenAlex
- W1978437322
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 252
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Escherichia coli research studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, probiotics, genomic islands, lipopolysaccharide, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory activity, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease
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