Minority stressors and psychological distress in transgender individuals.
Abstract
This study tested direct and indirect associations between minority stressors and psychological distress in a large, geographically diverse sample of transgender individuals (N = 1,207). Transgender individuals were recruited for an online, cross-sectional survey using targeted sampling. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized model, which was based on Hatzenbuehler's (2009) integrative mediation framework. Expectations of rejection, self-stigma, and prejudice events were all associated with psychological distress, and these relationships were partially accounted for by rumination. This model had good fit (Tucker-Lewis Index =.96, Comparative Fit Index =.98, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation =.05, 90% CI [.05,.06]) and explained 54.5% of the variance in psychological distress and 29.3% in rumination. This is the first study to examine a model of minority stress and psychological distress that includes rumination and all four minority stressors from Meyer's (2003) framework in a large sample of transgender individuals. Results indicate a strong relationship between minority stressors and psychological distress among transgender people, and that these relationships are partially explained by rumination. Results need to be considered in relation to the cross-sectional nature of the design and the possible role for additional variables. Future research should investigate these findings using designs that provide tests of causality.
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Ruminative processes are increased in a transgender sample who also experienced greater minority stress.
“Researchers Timmins et al. confirmed the role of ruminative processes as increased in a transgender sample who also experienced greater minority stress (Timmins et al., Citation2017).”
From Proposed Self-as-Context Interventions for Gender Minority Clients (2025) · cites this paper as Timmins et al., 2017
All studies to date on TGNC minority stress experiences have used cross-sectional research designs.
“however, to our knowledge, all studies to date have used cross-sectional research designs.”
From Psychological Processes Underlying the Impact of Gender-Related Discrimination on Psychological Distress in Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People. (2019) · cites this paper as Timmins et al., 2017
The findings dovetail with TGNC research demonstrating that emotional management strategies emphasizing suppression, avoidance, excessive focus etc. (i.e., avoidant coping and rumination) mediate relations between prejudice events and psychological distress.
“These findings also dovetail with TGNC research demonstrating that emotional management strategies emphasizing suppression, avoidance, excessive focus etc. (i.e., avoidant coping and rumination) mediate relations between prejudice events and psychological distress (Timmins et al., 2017; White Hughto et al., 2017).”
From Psychological Processes Underlying the Impact of Gender-Related Discrimination on Psychological Distress in Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People. (2019) · cites this paper as Timmins et al., 2017
Depressive rumination mediated the relationship between prejudice events and psychological distress in transgender people.
“Timmins et al. (2017) found that depressive rumination mediated the relationship between prejudice events and psychological distress in transgender people.”
From Psychological Processes Underlying the Impact of Gender-Related Discrimination on Psychological Distress in Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People. (2019) · cites this paper as Timmins et al., 2017
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- Authors
- Timmins, L., Rimes, K. A., & Rahman, Q.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Venue
- Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 328-340
- ISSN
- 2329-0382 (ISSN-L)
- 2329-0390
- OpenAlex
- W2737774863
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 15.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity (publishedVersion)
- Cronfa (Swansea University) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- minority stress, transgender people, psychological distress, rumination, self-stigma
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