Insights into Direct Nose to Brain Delivery: Current Status and Future Perspective
Open accessAbstract
Now a day's intranasal (i.n) drug delivery is emerging as a reliable method to bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deliver a wide range of therapeutic agents including both small and large molecules, growth factors, viral vectors and even stem cells to the brain and has shown therapeutic effects in both animals and humans. This route involves the olfactory or trigeminal nerve systems which initiate in the brain and terminate in the nasal cavity at the olfactory neuroepithelium or respiratory epithelium. They are the only externally exposed portions of the central nervous system (CNS) and therefore represent the most direct method of noninvasive entry into the brain. This approach has been primarily used to explore therapeutic avenues for neurological diseases. The potential for treatment possibilities with olfactory transfer of drugs will increase as more effective formulations and delivery devices are developed. Recently, the apomorphine hydrochloride dry powders have been developed for i.n. delivery (Apomorphine nasal, Lyonase technology, Britannia Pharmaceuticals, Surrey, UK). The results of clinical trial Phase III suggested that the prepared formulation had clinical effect equivalent to subcutaneously administered apomorphine. In coming years, intranasal delivery of drugs will demand more complex and automated delivery devices to ensure accurate and repeatable dosing. Thus, new efforts are needed to make this noninvasive route of delivery more efficient and popular, and it is also predicted that in future a range of intranasal products will be used in diagnosis as well as treatment of CNS diseases. This review will embark the existing evidence of nose-to-brain transport. It also provides insights into the most relevant pre-clinical studies of direct nose-brain delivery and delivery devices which will provide relative success of intranasal delivery system. We have, herein, outlined the relevant aspects of CNS drugs given intranasally to direct the brain in treating CNS disorders like Alzheimer's disease, depression, migraine, schizophrenia, etc.
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IN administration is non-invasive, painless, non-stressful, and relatively easy to perform without a medical specialist.
“It is non-invasive, painless, non-stressful, and relatively easy to perform without requiring a medical specialist [246,247,248].”
From Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment Strategies and Their Limitations. (2022) · cites this paper as [247]
The Introduction describes intranasal delivery as noninvasive, essentially painless, easy to administer, and possible without trained personnel. It does not describe administration as non-stressful; the section on experimental factors notes that one head position used for brain targeting can be uncomfortable for patients. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Mittal, D., Ali, A., Md, S., Baboota, S., Sahni, J. K., & Ali, J.
- Affiliations
- Jamia Hamdard (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Ali, Javed
- Venue
- Drug Delivery
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-10-09
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 75-86
- ISSN
- 1071-7544 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-0464
- OpenAlex
- W2019126236
- Cited by
- 359
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 10
- FWCI
- 1.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Drug Delivery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Head and Neck Surgical Oncology
- Keywords
- intranasal drug delivery, nose-to-brain delivery, blood-brain barrier bypass, olfactory nerve, trigeminal nerve, olfactory epithelium, dry powder formulation, brain drug delivery, neurological disorders, Alzheimer's disease, depression, migraine, schizophrenia
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Central Nervous System Agents, Forecasting, Humans, Nasal Mucosa, Nose, Olfactory Mucosa, Drug Delivery Systems
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