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Urinary p-cresol is elevated in small children with severe autism spectrum disorder
Open accessAbstract
Several studies have described in autistic patients an overgrowth of unusual gut bacterial strains, able to push the fermentation of tyrosine up to the formation of p-cresol. We compared levels of urinary p-cresol, measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet, in 59 matched case-control pairs. Urinary p-cresol was significantly elevated in autistic children smaller than 8 years of age (p < 0.01), typically females (p < 0.05), and more severely affected regardless of sex (p < 0.05). Urinary cotinine measurements excluded smoking-related hydrocarbon contaminations as contributors to these differences. Hence, elevated urinary p-cresol may serve as a biomarker of autism liability in small children, especially females and more severely affected males.
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“P-cresol, another microbial metabolite produced by Clostridium species, was significantly elevated in children with ASD, especially females with severe autism [60].”
From The Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [60]
In the citing paper
“In addition, some species belonging to the Clostridium produce p-cresol. This chemical metabolite could cause the reduction of glutathione and reported to be a possible urinary biomarker for autism54,55.”
From Altered composition and function of intestinal microbiota in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Altieri, L., Neri, C., Sacco, R., Curatolo, P., Benvenuto, A., Muratori, F., Santocchi, E., Bravaccio, C., Lenti, C., Saccani, M., Rigardetto, R., Gandione, M., Urbani, A., & Persico, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Università Campus Bio-Medico (IT)
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Federico II University Hospital (IT)
- University of Milan (IT)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Persico, Antonio M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biomarkers
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-02-18
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 252-260
- ISSN
- 1354-750X (ISSN-L)
- 1366-5804
- OpenAlex
- W2002852362
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Biomarkers (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- p-cresol, autism spectrum disorder, urinary biomarkers, gut microbiota, autism severity, sex differences, young children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Cotinine, Cresols, Female, Humans, Male, Regression Analysis, Biomarkers, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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