A review of probiotics in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders: Perspectives from the gut–brain axis
Open accessAbstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a class of neurodevelopmental conditions with a large societal impact. Despite existing evidence suggesting a link between ASD pathogenesis and gut–brain axis dysregulation, there is no systematic review of the treatment of probiotics on ASD and its associated gastrointestinal abnormalities based on the gut–brain axis. Therefore, we performed an analysis for ASD based on preclinical and clinical research to give a comprehensive synthesis of published evidence of a potential mechanism for ASD. On the one hand, this review aims to elucidate the link between gastrointestinal abnormalities and ASD. Accordingly, we discuss gut microbiota dysbiosis regarding gut–brain axis dysfunction. On the other hand, this review suggests that probiotic administration to regulate the gut–brain axis might improve gastrointestinal symptoms, restore ASD-related behavioral symptoms, restore gut microbiota composition, reduce inflammation, and restore intestinal barrier function in human and animal models. This review suggests that targeting the microbiota through agents such as probiotics may represent an approach for treating subsets of individuals with ASD.
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Probiotics can influence neurotransmitter production, which is essential for social behavior, mood regulation, and cognitive function.
“Second, probiotics can influence neurotransmitter production, which is essential for social behavior, mood regulation, and cognitive function.”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [126]
Probiotics contribute to restoring a healthy gut microbiota, addressing dysbiosis that is often associated with both gastrointestinal and behavioral symptoms in ASD.
“Third, probiotics contribute to restoring a healthy gut microbiota, addressing dysbiosis that is often associated with both gastrointestinal and behavioral symptoms in ASD.”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [126]
Probiotics can enhance gastrointestinal health by alleviating common symptoms such as constipation and bloating, which are frequently observed in individuals with ASD.
“Finally, they can enhance gastrointestinal health by alleviating common symptoms such as constipation and bloating, which are frequently observed in individuals with ASD [126].”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [126]
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The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Relationships between Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Development and Treatment
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- Authors
- Feng, P., Zhao, S., Zhang, Y., & Li, E.
- Affiliations
- Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (CN)
- Henan University of Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Enyao
- Venue
- Frontiers in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-03-16
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 1123462-1123462
- ISSN
- 1664-302X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10060862
- OpenAlex
- W4327606467
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 1.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (212300410399)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, probiotics, gut-brain axis, gut dysbiosis, gastrointestinal symptoms, behavioral symptoms, inflammation, intestinal barrier function, autism treatment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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