Low Relative Abundances of the Mucolytic Bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium spp. in Feces of Children with Autism

Wang, Lv; Christophersen, Claus T.; Sorich, Michael J.; Gerber, Jacobus P.; Angley, Manya T.; Conlon, Michael A.

doi:10.1128/aem.05212-11

Cited by 432Gut microbiota and healthAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchGastrointestinal motility and disorders

Low Relative Abundances of the Mucolytic Bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium spp. in Feces of Children with Autism

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Wang, Lv, Christophersen, Claus T., Sorich, Michael J., Gerber, Jacobus P., Angley, Manya T., Conlon, Michael A.·2011·Applied and Environmental Microbiology

DOI 10.1128/aem.05212-11PMC PMC3187122

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Abstract

Gastrointestinal disturbance is frequently reported for individuals with autism. We used quantitative real-time PCR analysis to quantify fecal bacteria that could influence gastrointestinal health in children with and without autism. Lower relative abundances of Bifidobacteria species and the mucolytic bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila were found in children with autism, the latter suggesting mucus barrier changes.

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Reductions in Bifidobacteria and Akkermansia muciniphila have been shown in ASD.
“As well as increases in some species, reductions in important commensals Bifidobacteria and the mucin-degrading Akkermansia muciniphila [52] have been shown in ASD.”
From The Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [52]
These seven Prevotella studies showed either a non-significant result in relative abundance or a lower relative abundance in children classified as ASD versus SIB or HC.
“Instead, these seven studies showed either a non-significant result in relative abundance [41, 48, 50, 52] or a lower relative abundance in children classified as ASD versus SIB or HC [31, 39, 42].”
From Gut microbiota changes in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [52]
Studies on Clostridiales Cluster I, Cluster II, and Cluster XI collectively suggested an increase in children with ASD.
“Interestingly, from a Clostridiales cluster standpoint, the studies on Cluster I and Cluster II, as well as Cluster XI, while few, collectively suggested an increase in children with ASD [45, 49, 51, 52, 54].”
From Gut microbiota changes in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [52]
Cluster XIVa and XIVb were quantitatively similar in percentage and counts in the available four studies.
“Cluster XIVa and XIVb, however, were quantitatively similar in percentage [52] and counts [45, 48, 49] in the available four studies.”
From Gut microbiota changes in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [52]
The general trend supports no alterations in E. coli for children with ASD in five studies versus one study documenting a decrease in E. coli percentage.
“The general trend, however, supports no alterations in E. coli for children in ASD in five studies [30, 35, 42, 48, 52] vs one study [31] documenting a decrease in E. coli percentage among other microbiota.”
From Gut microbiota changes in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [52]

Bifidobacterium consistently showed lower counts and proportions in children with ASD versus their siblings or controls.
“however, upon a closer look at Bifidobacterium, consistently lower counts and proportions were found in children with ASD versus their siblings [31, 52] or controls [30, 38, 47].”
From Gut microbiota changes in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [52]
No specific findings were identified in the Verrucomicrobia phylum and in the Verrucomicrobiaceae family.
“No specific findings were identified in the Verrucomicrobia phylum [31, 33, 36, 39, 48] and in the Verrucomicrobiaceae family [31, 37, 39, 41, 52].”
From Gut microbiota changes in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [52]
Two studies belonged to the same cohort but were both included because the gut microbes examined were different.
“Two studies [52, 53] belonged to the same cohort but were both included in the synthesis of this systematic review because the gut microbes examined were different.”
From Gut microbiota changes in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [52]
Previous studies, with the exception of one study, failed to detect differences in microbial composition between ASD and NT siblings.
“Of note, previous studies [6–8,12,14], with the exception of one study [13], failed to detect differences in microbial composition between ASD and NT siblings [11].”
From Comparison of Fecal Microbiota in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Neurotypical Siblings in the Simons Simplex Collection (2015) · cites this paper as [7]
This study did not replicate previously reported differences in the relative abundances of bacterial categories, including the Bacteroidetes phylum, the Sutterella genus, and the Prevotella genus, between ASD and unrelated control children.
“This study did not replicate previously reported differences in the relative abundances of bacterial categories, including the Bacteroidetes phylum [12–14], the Sutterella genus [7,8,10] and the Prevotella genus [11] between ASD and unrelated control children.”
From Comparison of Fecal Microbiota in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Neurotypical Siblings in the Simons Simplex Collection (2015) · cites this paper as [7]
Bifidobacterium has long been used as a probiotic to alleviate various diseases by changing the gut microbiota composition.
“Bifidobacterium has long been used as a probiotic to alleviate various diseases by changing the gut microbiota composition (34, 42).”
From Association Between Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
In patients with ASD, there is potentially a decrease in "beneficial" bacteria.
“In contrast, there is potentially a decrease in “beneficial” bacteria in patients with ASD (34, 64).”
From Association Between Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
The lower abundance of Akkermansia in children with ASD might reflect indirect evidence of impaired gut permeability in children with ASD.
“A lower abundance of Akkermansia in children with ASD could indicate a thinner GI mucus barrier in children with ASD compared to controls; the result might reflect an indirect evidence of impaired gut permeability in children with ASD (34).”
From Association Between Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
A lower abundance of Akkermansia in children with ASD could indicate a thinner GI mucus barrier in children with ASD compared to controls.
“A lower abundance of Akkermansia in children with ASD could indicate a thinner GI mucus barrier in children with ASD compared to controls; the result might reflect an indirect evidence of impaired gut permeability in children with ASD (34).”
From Association Between Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
Two sequencing studies reported Akkermansia elevated in ASD patients, while one qPCR study indicated lower Akkermansia muciniphila in feces of ASD patients than healthy controls.
“Two sequencing studies reported that the abundance of Akkermansia was elevated in ASD patients22,23. Inconsistently, one qPCR study30 indicated that lower amount of Akkermansia muciniphila was found in feces of ASD patients than HCs.”
From Altered composition and function of intestinal microbiota in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [30]
Most studies demonstrate that children with ASD have more bacterial diversity and lower overall abundance of potentially beneficial taxa such as Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia.
“Most studies demonstrate that children with ASD have more bacterial diversity [10, 14] and possess lower overall abundance of potentially beneficial taxa, such as Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia, [5, 10, 11], although some populations appear to differ from this trend [10, 13].”
From Pilot study of probiotic/colostrum supplementation on gut function in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
The most commonly reported GI symptoms in children with ASD include chronic constipation, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
“The most commonly reported symptoms include chronic constipation, diarrhea, and abdominal pain [4–6].”
From Pilot study of probiotic/colostrum supplementation on gut function in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
GI microbial dysbiosis has been documented in multiple studies of children with ASD.
“In addition, GI microbial dysbiosis, an imbalance in the organisms that make up the gut microbiota, has been documented in multiple studies of children with ASD [5, 7–14].”
From Pilot study of probiotic/colostrum supplementation on gut function in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
Akkermansia species, including Akkermansia muciniphila, have been found to be reduced in children with ASD compared to typically developing children.
“Akkermansia species, including Akkermansia muciniphila, have been found to be reduced in children with ASD compared to typically developing children [5].”
From Pilot study of probiotic/colostrum supplementation on gut function in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as [5]

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Authors: Wang, L., Christophersen, C. T., Sorich, M. J., Gerber, J. P., Angley, M. T., & Conlon, M. A.
Affiliations: University of South Australia (AU)
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
ORCID: Christophersen, Claus T.
Sorich, Michael J.
Angley, Manya T.
Conlon, Michael A.
Venue: Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 2011-09-15
Volume: 77
Issue: 18
Pages: 6718-6721
ISSN: 0099-2240 (ISSN-L)
1098-5336
DOI: 10.1128/aem.05212-11
PMC: PMC3187122
OpenAlex: W2135086766
Cited by: 432
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 4.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Applied and Environmental Microbiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Keywords: Akkermansia muciniphila, Bifidobacterium, autism spectrum disorder, gut microbiota, fecal bacteria, gastrointestinal diseases, mucus barrier, children
MeSH terms: Autistic Disorder, Bifidobacterium, Child, Dyspepsia, Feces, Humans, Mucus, Bacterial Load, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Verrucomicrobia

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Low Relative Abundances of the Mucolytic Bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium spp. in Feces of Children with Autism

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