Cited by 116Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchImmunotoxicology and immune responsesImmunotherapy and Immune Responses

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Antibody response to booster vaccination with tetanus and diphtheria in adults exposed to perfluorinated alkylates

Open access

Kielsen, Katrine, Shamim, Zaiba, Ryder, Lars P., Nielsen, Flemming, Grandjean, Philippe, Budtz-Jørgensen, Esben, Heilmann, Carsten·2016·Journal of Immunotoxicology

DOI 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1067259PMC PMC4739630

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Recent studies suggest that exposure to perfluorinated alkylate substances (PFASs) may induce immunosuppression in humans and animal models. In this exploratory study, 12 healthy adult volunteers were recruited. With each subject, serum-PFAS concentrations were measured and their antibody responses prospectively followed for 30 days after a booster vaccination with diphtheria and tetanus. The results indicated that serum-PFAS concentrations were positively correlated and positively associated with age and male sex. The specific antibody concentrations in serum were increased from Day 4 to Day 10 post-booster, after which a constant concentration was reached. Serum PFAS concentrations showed significant negative associations with the rate of increase in the antibody responses. Interestingly, this effect was particularly strong for the longer-chain PFASs. All significant associations remained significant after adjustment for sex and age. Although the study involved a small number of subjects, these findings of a PFAS-associated reduction of the early humoral immune response to booster vaccination in healthy adults supported previous findings of PFAS immunosuppression in larger cohorts. Furthermore, the results suggested that cellular mechanisms right after antigen exposure should be investigated more closely to identify possible mechanisms of immunosuppression from PFAS.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1067259

Cites

10 of 10 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Serum Vaccine Antibody Concentrations in Children Exposed to Perfluorinated Compounds
Grandjean, P., Andersen, E. W., Budtz-Jørgensen, E., Nielsen, F., Mølbak, K., Weihe, P., & Heilmann, C. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.2034 · Cited by 809
Trends in Exposure to Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals in the U.S. Population: 1999−2008
Kato, K., Wong, L.-Y., Jia, L. T., Kuklenyik, Z., & Calafat, A. M. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es1043613 · Cited by 777 · cited 1×
“The exposures documented in the present study were quite similar to those occurring in other Western countries (Kato et al., 2011).”
Result
Immunotoxicity of Perfluorinated Compounds: Recent Developments
DeWitt, J. C., Peden-Adams, M. M., Keller, J. M., & Germolec, D. R. (2012) · Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1177/0192623311428473 · Cited by 457
Pre-natal Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances May Be Associated with Altered Vaccine Antibody Levels and Immune-Related Health Outcomes in Early Childhood
Granum, B., Haug, L. S., Namork, E., Stølevik, S. B., Thomsen, C., Aaberge, I. S., van Loveren, H., Løvik, M., & Nygaard, U. C. (2013) · Journal of Immunotoxicology · doi:10.3109/1547691x.2012.755580 · Cited by 339
A sensitive method for determination of a broad range of perfluorinated compounds in serum suitable for large-scale human biomonitoring
Haug, L. S., Thomsen, C., & Becher, G. (2008) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.113 · Cited by 187
In vitro characterization of the immunotoxic potential of several perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)
Corsini, E., Sangiovanni, E., Avogadro, A., Galbiati, V., Viviani, B., Marinovich, M., Galli, C. L., Dell’Agli, M., & Germolec, D. R. (2011) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2011.11.004 · Cited by 169
Gestational Exposure to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Suppresses Immune Function in B6C3F1 Mice
Keil, D. E., Mehlmann, T., Butterworth, L. F., & Peden‐Adams, M. M. (2008) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfn015 · Cited by 168
Influenza Vaccine Response in Adults Exposed to Perfluorooctanoate and Perfluorooctanesulfonate
Looker, C., Luster, M. I., Calafat, A. M., Johnson, V. J., Burleson, G. R., BURLESON, F. G., & Fletcher, T. (2013) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kft269 · Cited by 164
Developmental Immunotoxicology: Focus on Health Risks
Dietert, R. R. (2008) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx800198m · Cited by 93
Changing Interpretation of Human Health Risks from Perfluorinated Compounds
Grandjean, P., & Clapp, R. (2014) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/003335491412900605 · Cited by 39

Show all 10 references

Sorted by citations

Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food
Panel), E. P. O. C. I. T. F. C. (. C., Schrenk, D., Bignami, M., Bodin, L., Chipman, J. K., del Mazo, J., Grasl‐Kraupp, B., Hogstrand, C., Hoogenboom, L. (., Leblanc, J., et al. (2020) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223 · Cited by 989
Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food
(CONTAM), E. P. O. C. I. T. F. C., Knutsen, H. K., Alexander, J., Barregård, L., Bignami, M., Brüschweiler, B. J., Ceccatelli, S., Cottrill, B., Dinovi, M., Edler, L., et al. (2018) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194 · Cited by 544
“A similar inverse association between serum PFOS concentrations (non-significant for PFOA) and antibody response to diphtheria following vaccination was also observed in a small Danish study of 12 healthy adults (Kielsen et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluential
Consideration of pathways for immunotoxicity of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
Ehrlich, V., Bil, W., Vandebriel, R., Granum, B., Luijten, M., Lindeman, B., Grandjean, P., Kaiser, A.-M., Hauzenberger, I., Hartmann, C., et al. (2023) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-022-00958-5 · Cited by 318
“Taken together, the studies show the strongest associations in children, although findings in adults are also notable, especially in temporal relation to a vaccination booster [31].”
Background
Exposure to Per-Fluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Leads to Immunotoxicity: Epidemiological and Toxicological Evidence
DeWitt, J. C., Blossom, S. J., & Schaider, L. A. (2019) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-018-0097-y · Cited by 241
Estimated exposures to perfluorinated compounds in infancy predict attenuated vaccine antibody concentrations at age 5-years
Grandjean, P., Heilmann, C. J., Weihe, P., Nielsen, F., Mogensen, U. B., Timmermann, C. A. G., & Budtz–Jørgensen, E. (2017) · Journal of Immunotoxicology · doi:10.1080/1547691x.2017.1360968 · Cited by 242
“…antibody concentrations in serum may be a vulnerable target, but previous studies have also documented an inverse association of serum-PFAS concentrations with the short-term response to vaccinations both in children and in adults (Grandjean et al. 2012; Looker et al. 2014; Kielsen et al. 2016).”
BackgroundResult
Serum Vaccine Antibody Concentrations in Adolescents Exposed to Perfluorinated Compounds
Grandjean, P., Heilmann, C. J., Weihe, P., Nielsen, F., Mogensen, U. B., & Budtz–Jørgensen, E. (2016) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp275 · Cited by 214
“Further, a small intervention study of 12 adults showed that the time-dependent increase in vaccinespecific antibody concentrations decreased at higher PFAS exposures (Kielsen et al. 2015).”
Background
A critical review of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate exposure and immunological health conditions in humans
Chang, E. T., Adami, H., Boffetta, P., Wedner, H. J., & Mandel, J. S. (2016) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408444.2015.1122573 · Cited by 182
“As a whole, these four studies (Grandjean et al. 2012; Granum et al. 2013; Kielsen et al. 2015; Looker et al. 2014) do not provide consistent evidence of a significant association between PFOA or PFOS exposure and serological vaccine responses in general.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Impacts of Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances on the Brain and Behavior
Starnes, H. M., Rock, K. D., Jackson, T. W., & Belcher, S. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Toxicology · doi:10.3389/ftox.2022.881584 · Cited by 166
Elevated Levels of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Cape Fear River Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) Are Associated with Biomarkers of Altered Immune and Liver Function
Guillette, T. C., McCord, J., Guillette, M., Polera, M. E., Rachels, K. T., Morgeson, C., Kotlarz, N., Knappe, D. R. U., Reading, B. J., Strynar, M., et al. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105358 · Cited by 164
“Based on the results of a systematic review of animal and epidemiological studies, the United States National Toxicology Program (NTP) has concluded, based on the weight of evidence, that PFOA and PFOS are hazards to the human immune system (DeWitt et al., 2012; Chang et al., 2016; Kielsen et al., 2016).”
Background
Severity of COVID-19 at elevated exposure to perfluorinated alkylates
Grandjean, P., Timmermann, C. A. G., Kruse, M., Nielsen, F., Vinholt, P. J., Boding, L., Heilmann, C., & Mølbak, K. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244815 · Cited by 131
“Thus, elevated blood-PFAS concentrations are associated with lower antibody responses to vaccinations in children [9] and in adults [10].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a health hazard: Current state of knowledge and strategies in environmental settings across Asia and future perspectives
Singh, K., Kumar, N., Yadav, A. K., Singh, R. D., & Kumar, K. (2023) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.145064 · Cited by 134
Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) blood levels after contamination of a community water supply and comparison with 2013–2014 NHANES
Graber, J. M., Alexander, C., Laumbach, R. J., Black, K., Strickland, P. O., Georgopoulos, P. G., Marshall, E. G., Shendell, D. G., Alderson, D., Mi, Z., et al. (2019) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-018-0096-z · Cited by 118
High-Throughput Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Primary Hepatocyte Spheroids Exposed to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances as a Platform for Relative Potency Characterization
Rowan‐Carroll, A., Reardon, A., Leingartner, K., Gagné, R., Williams, A., Meier, M. J., Kuo, B. Y.-L., Bourdon-Lacombe, J., Moffat, I. D., Carrier, R., et al. (2021) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfab039 · Cited by 117
Delayed discovery, dissemination, and decisions on intervention in environmental health: a case study on immunotoxicity of perfluorinated alkylate substances
Grandjean, P. (2018) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-018-0405-y · Cited by 102
Systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic data on vaccine response in relation to exposure to five principal perfluoroalkyl substances
Crawford, L., Halperin, S. A., Dzierlenga, M. W., Skidmore, B., Linakis, M. W., Nakagawa, S., & Longnecker, M. P. (2023) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2023.107734 · Cited by 92
Persistent organic pollutants and mortality in the United States, NHANES 1999–2011
Fry, K., & Power, M. C. (2017) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-017-0313-6 · Cited by 75
“Although existing studies often report conflicting findings, PFASs have been reported to increase cholesterol [18, 19] and risk of cancer [20], affect the immune system [21, 22], and decrease fertility [23].”
Background
The derivation of a Reference Dose (RfD) for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) based on immune suppression
Pachkowski, B. F., Post, G. B., & Stern, A. H. (2018) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.08.004 · Cited by 65
Plasma levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are associated with altered levels of proteins previously linked to inflammation, metabolism and cardiovascular disease
Dunder, L., Salihovic, S., Lind, P. M., Elmståhl, S., & Lind, L. (2023) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2023.107979 · Cited by 60
Children’s white blood cell counts in relation to developmental exposures to methylmercury and persistent organic pollutants
Oulhote, Y., Shamim, Z., Kielsen, K., Weihe, P., Grandjean, P., Ryder, L. P., & Heilmann, C. J. (2016) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.001 · Cited by 57
“For example, higher exposures to PFASs were associated with a reduction of the humoral immune response to booster vaccination [17-19], whereas mercury exposures were associated with increased proinflammatory cytokines, antinuclear and antinucleolar autoantibodies and decreased antiinflammatory cytokines [20].”
Background
Immunomodulation and exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: an overview of the current evidence from animal and human studies
Antoniou, E. E., Colnot, T., Zeegers, M. P., & Dekant, W. (2022) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-022-03303-4 · Cited by 51
“Among the many tier 1 studies, the T cell-dependent antibody response (TDAR) or plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay (Ladics 2018) is considered as “gold standard” (DeWitt et al.”
Background
Internal Relative Potency Factors Based on Immunotoxicity for the Risk Assessment of Mixtures of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Human Biomonitoring
Bil, W., Ehrlich, V., Chen, G., Vandebriel, R., Zeilmaker, M., Luijten, M., Uhl, M., Marx-Stoelting, P., Halldorsson, T. I., & Bokkers, B. (2023) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107727 · Cited by 51
PFASs: What can we learn from the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative HBM4EU
Uhl, M., Schoeters, G. E. R., Govarts, E., Bil, W., Fletcher, T., Haug, L. S., Hoogenboom, L. A. P., Gundacker, C., Trier, X., Fernández, M. F., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114168 · Cited by 55
Current understanding of human bioaccumulation patterns and health effects of exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)
Suman, T. Y., & Kwak, I. (2025) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137249 · Cited by 49
Perfluoroalkyl substance serum concentrations and immune response to FluMist vaccination among healthy adults
Stein, C. R., Ge, Y., Wolff, M. S., Ye, X., Calafat, A. M., Kraus, T., & Moran, T. M. (2016) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.020 · Cited by 46
Approaches to mixture risk assessment of PFASs in the European population based on human hazard and biomonitoring data
Bil, W., Govarts, E., Zeilmaker, M. J., Woutersen, M., Bessems, J. G. M., Ma, Y., Thomsen, C., Haug, L. S., Lignell, S., Gyllenhammar, I., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114071 · Cited by 46
Examining the degradation of environmentally-daunting per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances from a fundamental chemical perspective
Filho, A. H. D. S., & de Souza, G. L. C. (2020) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/d0cp02445g · Cited by 43
Time trends in per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentrations in the Danish population: A review based on published and newly analyzed data
Hull, S. D., Deen, L., Petersen, K. U., Jensen, T. K., Hammer, P., Wils, R. S., Frankel, H. N., Ostrowski, S. R., & Tøttenborg, S. S. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117036 · Cited by 43
“…2008; Bach et al., 2015; Domazet et al., 2016, 2020; Vestergaard et al., 2012; Dalsager et al., 2021; H ø jsager et al., 2022; Mamsen et al., 2019; Kielsen et al., 2016; Joensen et al., 2009, 2013; Thomsen et al., 2021; Sevelsted et al., 2022; Grandjean et al., 2020; Eriksen et al., 2009;…”
Association between urinary per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances and COVID-19 susceptibility
Ji, J., Song, L., Wang, J., Yang, Z., Yan, H., Li, T., Li, Y., Jian, L., Jiang, F., Li, J., et al. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106524 · Cited by 40
Application of benchmark analysis for mixed contaminant exposures: Mutual adjustment of perfluoroalkylate substances associated with immunotoxicity
Budtz–Jørgensen, E., & Grandjean, P. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205388 · Cited by 44
Cross-sectional associations between serum PFASs and inflammatory biomarkers in a population exposed to AFFF-contaminated drinking water
Barton, K. E., Zell-Baran, L. M., DeWitt, J. C., Brindley, S. M., McDonough, C. A., Higgins, C. P., Adgate, J. L., & Starling, A. P. (2022) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113905 · Cited by 43
Impact of PFAS exposure on prevalence of immune-mediated diseases in adults in the Czech Republic
Rudzanová, B., Vlaanderen, J. J., Kalina, J., Piler, P., Zvonař, M., Klánová, J., Bláha, L., & Adamovský, O. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.115969 · Cited by 39
Serum perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and associations with behavioral attributes
Siebenaler, R., Cameron, R. L., Butt, C. M., Hoffman, K., Higgins, C. P., & Stapleton, H. M. (2017) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.023 · Cited by 42
Antibody response to COVID-19 vaccines among workers with a wide range of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
Porter, A. K., Kleinschmidt, S. E., Andres, K. L., Reusch, C. N., Krisko, R. M., Taiwo, O. A., Olsen, G. W., & Longnecker, M. P. (2022) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107537 · Cited by 37
Immune cell profiles associated with human exposure to perfluorinated compounds (PFAS) suggest changes in natural killer, T helper, and T cytotoxic cell subpopulations
Tursi, A. R., Lindeman, B., Kristoffersen, A. B., Hjertholm, H., Bronder, E., Andreassen, M., Husøy, T., Dirven, H. A. A. M., Andorf, S., & Nygaard, U. C. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.119221 · Cited by 39
“…responses to vaccines in both children, due to prenatal and early life exposures, and adults, particularly in pregnant women (Ait Bamai et al., 2020; Grandjean et al., 2017; Granum et al., 2013; Kaur et al., 2023; Kielsen et al., 2016; Looker et al., 2014; Porter et al., 2022; Stein et al., 2016).”
Mixtures of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) reduce the in vitro activation of human T cells and basophils
Maddalon, A., Pierzchalski, A., Kretschmer, T., Bauer, M., Zenclussen, A. C., Marinovich, M., Corsini, E., & Herberth, G. (2023) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139204 · Cited by 37
Altered Transcriptome Response in PBMCs of Czech Adults Linked to Multiple PFAS Exposure: B Cell Development as a Target of PFAS Immunotoxicity
Rudzanová, B., Thon, V., Vespalcová, H., Martyniuk, C. J., Piler, P., Zvonař, M., Klánová, J., Bláha, L., & Adamovský, O. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c05109 · Cited by 35
Immune response to COVID-19 vaccination in a population with a history of elevated exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through drinking water
Bailey, J. M., Wang, L., McDonald, J. M., Gray, J. S., Petrie, J. G., Martin, E. T., Savitz, D. A., Karrer, T. A., Fisher, K. A., Geiger, M. J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-023-00564-8 · Cited by 35
“, diphtheria [21–24] and tetanus [22, 23]) among children, studies among adult populations receiving vaccinations have yielded less consistent findings, which may depend upon the type of vaccination studied [23, 25–27].”
BackgroundResult
Perfluoroalkyl substances and immune cell counts in adults from the Mid-Ohio Valley (USA)
López-Espinosa, M.-J., Carrizosa, C., Luster, M. I., Margolick, J. B., Costa, O., Leonardi, G. S., & Fletcher, T. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106599 · Cited by 34
Serum vaccine antibody concentrations in adults exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: A birth cohort in the Faroe Islands
Shih, Y.-H., Blomberg, A. J., Bind, M., Holm, D., Nielsen, F., Heilmann, C., Weihe, P., & Grandjean, P. (2021) · Journal of Immunotoxicology · doi:10.1080/1547691x.2021.1922957 · Cited by 35
“In a small cross-sectional study of 12 healthy adults in Denmark, significant inverse associations were observed between six different PFASs and the vaccine-induced increases in diphtheria and tetanus titers, and the associations were stronger for the longer-chain PFASs (Kielsen et al. 2016).”
BackgroundInfluential
Per-/polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations in human serum and their associations with immune markers of rheumatoid arthritis
Zhao, Y., Liu, W., Qu, J., Hu, S., Zhang, L., Zhao, M., Wu, P., Xue, J., & Jin, H. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134338 · Cited by 33
Persistent organic pollutants and haematological markers in Greenlandic pregnant women: the ACCEPT sub-study
Knudsen, A. S., Long, M., Pedersen, H. S., & Bonefeld‐Jørgensen, E. C. (2018) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.1080/22423982.2018.1456303 · Cited by 30
Weight of evidence evaluation for chemical-induced immunotoxicity for PFOA and PFOS: findings from an independent panel of experts
Garvey, G. J., Anderson, J. K., Goodrum, P. E., Tyndall, K. H., Cox, L. A., Khatami, M., Morales‐Montor, J., Schoeny, R. S., Seed, J. G., Tyagi, R. K., et al. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10408444.2023.2194913 · Cited by 29
“As described in detail in Kirman et al. (2019), independent scientific peer review via the use of blinded expert panels can advance complex scientific challenges to support decisionmaking.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Research on the Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Essential Response Personnel (RECOVER): Protocol for a Multisite Longitudinal Cohort Study
Edwards, L., Fowlkes, A., Wesley, M. G., Kuntz, J. L., Odean, M. J., Caban-Martinez, A. J., Dunnigan, K., Phillips, A. L., Grant, L., Herring, M. K., et al. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/31574 · Cited by 25
“We also examine the association involving serum concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a component of some fire-suppression foams that has been associated with reduced immune response to vaccination [16].”
Translatability and transferability of in silico models: Context of use switching to predict the effects of environmental chemicals on the immune system
Pappalardo, F., Russo, G. L., Corsini, E., Paini, A., & Worth, A. P. (2022) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2022.03.024 · Cited by 26
“Elevated PFAS blood levels are associated with lower antibody responses to vaccinations in children [24–27] and in adults [28].”
Background
PFAS removal from water using quaternary amine functionalized porous polymers
Tighe, M., Thum, M. D., Weise, N. K., & Daniels, G. C. (2024) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.156280 · Cited by 25
Associations of PFAS and OH-PCBs with risk of multiple sclerosis onset and disability worsening
Vaivade, A., Erngren, I., Carlsson, H., Freyhult, E., Khoonsari, P. E., Noui, Y., Al-Grety, A., Åkerfeldt, T., Spjuth, O., Gallo, V., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-57172-3 · Cited by 27
“However, less consistent ﬁ ndings have been observed in the adultpopulation 23 – 26 .”
NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (CASRN 335-67-1) Administered in Feed to Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley® SD®) Rats
(NTP), N. T. P. (2020) · doi:10.22427/ntp-tr-598 · Cited by 26
An Atomic and Molecular Insight into How PFOA Reduces α-Helicity, Compromises Substrate Binding, and Creates Binding Pockets in a Model Globular Protein
Yadav, A., Vuković, L., & Narayan, M. (2024) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.4c02934 · Cited by 27
Outcome of a public consultation on the draft risk assessment of perfluoroalkyl substances in food
(EFSA), E. F. S. A. (2020) · EFSA Supporting Publications · doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.en-1931 · Cited by 29
Evaluated serum perfluoroalkyl acids and their relationships with the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in the general population in Hangzhou, China
Qu, J., Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., Hu, S., Liao, K., Zhao, M., Wu, P., & Jin, H. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119505 · Cited by 25
Red Blood Cell Folate Modifies the Association between Serum Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Antibody Concentrations in U.S. Adolescents
Zhang, Y., Mustieles, V., Wang, Y., Sun, Q., Coull, B. A., Sun, Y., Slitt, A. L., & Messerlian, C. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c07152 · Cited by 25
Asthma and allergic diseases: Cross talk of immune system and environmental factors
Beerweiler, C., Masanetz, R. K., & Schaub, B. (2023) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202249981 · Cited by 27
Alternatives of perfluoroalkyl acids and hepatitis B virus surface antibody in adults: Isomers of C8 Health Project in China
Zeng, X., Li, Q., Chu, C., Ye, W.-L., Yu, S., Ma, H., Zeng, X., Zhou, Y., Yu, H., Hu, L., et al. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113857 · Cited by 21
High Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine—an Observational Study in Adults from Ronneby, Sweden
Andersson, A. G., Lundgren, A., Xu, Y., Nielsen, C., Lindh, C. H., Pineda, D., Cederlund, J., Pataridou, E., Tøttenborg, S. S., Petersen, K. U., et al. (2023) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp11847 · Cited by 19
Serum per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations and longitudinal change in post-infection and post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 antibodies
Hollister, J., Caban-Martinez, A. J., Ellingson, K., Beitel, S. C., Fowlkes, A., Lutrick, K., Tyner, H. L., Naleway, A. L., Yoon, S. K., Gaglani, M., et al. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117297 · Cited by 19
Predicting Exposure to Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) among US Infants
Kirk, A. B., Plasse, K. M., Kirk, K. C., Martin, C. F., & Ozsoy, G. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148402 · Cited by 19
“Similarly suppressed antibody responses were also noted in adults [26].”
Background
Serum Concentrations of Selected Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Pregnant Women and Associations with Birth Outcomes. A Cross-Sectional Study from Southern Malawi
Mwapasa, M., Huber, S., Chakhame, B. M., Maluwa, A. O., Odland, M. L., Röllin, H. B., Choko, A. T., Xu, S., & Odland, J. Ø. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20031689 · Cited by 18
“The health effects of concern related to PFASs include altered metabolism and fertility [10], increased risk of being overweight or obese [11] and reduced ability of the immune system to fight infections [12].”
Background
Advancing PFAS risk assessment: Integrative approaches using agent-based modelling and physiologically-based kinetic for environmental and health safety
Iulini, M., Russo, G. L., Crispino, E., Paini, A., Fragki, S., Corsini, E., & Pappalardo, F. (2024) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2024.06.036 · Cited by 18
“Elevated PFAS blood levels were associated with lower antibody responses to vaccinations in children [11] and in adults [12].”
Background
Environmental exposures are hidden modifiers of anti-viral immunity
Franchini, A. M., & Lawrence, B. P. (2018) · Current Opinion in Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.cotox.2018.01.004 · Cited by 16
EFSA Project on the use of NAMs to explore the immunotoxicity of PFAS
Corsini, E., Iulini, M., Galbiati, V., Maddalon, A., Pappalardo, F., Russo, G. L., Hoogenboom, L. A. P., Beekmann, K., Janssen, A. W. F., Louisse, J., et al. (2024) · EFSA Supporting Publications · doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2024.en-8926 · Cited by 20
Exposure to a mixture of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances modulates pulmonary expression of ACE2 and circulating hormones and cytokines
Yang, Z., Roth, K., Ding, J., Kassotis, C. D., Mor, G., & Petriello, M. C. (2022) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2022.116284 · Cited by 16
“Mechanisms of action may include systemic immunosuppression; PFAS exposures impact on post-vaccination antibody levels (Kielsen et al., 2016; Grandjean et al., 2017) and weaken antibody efficiency against multiple viruses including diphtheria, tetanus, and rubella (Bulka et al., 2021).”
Potential effects of PFAS exposure on trained immunity: From mechanisms to health risks
Qiu, J., Huo, X., Dai, Y., Huang, Y., & Xu, X. (2025) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118757 · Cited by 15
In vitro approaches to investigate the effect of chemicals on antibody production: the case study of PFASs
Iulini, M., Bettinsoli, V., Maddalon, A., Galbiati, V., Janssen, A. W. F., Beekmann, K., Russo, G. L., Pappalardo, F., Fragki, S., Paini, A., et al. (2025) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-025-03993-6 · Cited by 13
“…production following PFASs exposure, particularly PFOA and PFOS, aligns with findings from epidemiological human studies and in vivo animal research (Grandjean et al. 2012; Kielsen et al. 2016; De Guise and Levin 2021; Taylor et al. 2023), confirming the effectiveness of our in vitro approach.”
Prenatal Exposure to Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (2009–2014) and Vaccine Antibody Titers of Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella in Children Four to Eight Years Old from the Healthy Start Cohort
Zell-Baran, L. M., Dabelea, D., Norris, J. M., Glueck, D. H., Adgate, J. L., Brown, J. M., Harrall, K. K., Calafat, A. M., & Starling, A. P. (2023) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp12863 · Cited by 13
“3,4,27 28 Three previous studies 3,4,29 have examined PFAS exposures and antibody responses to measles, mumps, and/or rubella (MMR) vaccines, and only one study has reported associations between prenatal PFAS exposures and MMR responses; this latter study was among children up to 3 y of age ( n =…”
Silane and fluorine free facile hydrophobicization of water hyacinth biomass for oil-water separations
Bajpai, S., & Nemade, P. R. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142164 · Cited by 13
Early life exposures shape the CD4+ T cell transcriptome, influencing proliferation, differentiation, and mitochondrial dynamics later in life
Burke, C. G., Myers, J. R., Boulé, L. A., Post, C. M., Brookes, P. S., & Lawrence, B. P. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47866-2 · Cited by 12
Potential health effects of emerging environmental contaminants perfluoroalkyl compounds
Lee, Y. J. (2018) · Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science · doi:10.12701/yujm.2018.35.2.156 · Cited by 12
Immunomodulatory effects of supercritical fluid CO2 extracts from freeze-dried powder of Tenebrio molitor larvae (yellow mealworm)
Tang, Q., & Dai, Y. (2016) · Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1590/1678-457x.0017 · Cited by 11
“Through the determination of hemolysin in serum content, we can know the immune response and its intensity (Zheng, 1991; Kielsen et al., 2016).”
Background
Comparison of Serum Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Concentrations in Incumbent and Recruit Firefighters and Longitudinal Assessment in Recruits
Nematollahi, A., Fisher, J. M., Furlong, M., Beamer, P. I., Goodrich, J. M., Graber, J. M., Calafat, A. M., Botelho, J. C., Beitel, S. C., Littau, S. R., et al. (2023) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000003020 · Cited by 10
Epigenetics at the Intersection of COVID-19 Risk and Environmental Chemical Exposures
Bulka, C. M., Enggasser, A. E., & Fry, R. C. (2022) · Current Environmental Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40572-022-00353-9 · Cited by 10
Benchmark dose calculations for PFAS exposure based on two data sets on immunotoxic effects
Budtz–Jørgensen, E., & Grandjean, P. (2023) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-023-00985-w · Cited by 9
“This decision relied on several prospective studies in children and in adults [7, 8, 9].”
Background
Human exposure and toxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Narrative review and perspectives
Fujii, Y., Shibata, Y., Tokuda, Y., Ito, Y., Kudo, N., & Harada, K. H. (2025) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144508 · Cited by 8
Mechanomorphogenic Films Formed via Interfacial Assembly of Fluorinated Amino Acids
Sloand, J. N., Culp, T. E., Wonderling, N., Gomez, E. D., & Medina, S. H. (2021) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202104223 · Cited by 8
Preliminary Screening of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Philippine Fast Food Packaging Using Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
Encarnacion, E. K. P., Alcantara, A. C., Armario, H. E., Alejandro, W. P., Zhan, Z., Sun, Z., & Lin, N. (2024) · Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal · doi:10.12944/crnfsj.12.1.34 · Cited by 8
Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in Danish adults exposed to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs): The ENFORCE study
Timmermann, C. A. G., Johansen, I. S., Tolstrup, M., Heilmann, C. J., Budtz–Jørgensen, E., Tolstrup, J. S., Nielsen, F., & Grandjean, P. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.120039 · Cited by 7
In utero per – and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and changes in infant T helper cell development among UPSIDE-ECHO cohort participants.
Castro-Meléndez, D., Laniewski, N. G., Jusko, T. A., Qiu, X., Lawrence, B. P., Rivera‐Núñez, Z., Brunner, J., Best, M., Macomber, A., Leger, A., et al. (2025) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp16726 · Cited by 7
Immunotoxicity: Impacts and Research Approaches
Heilmann, C. J., & Grandjean, P. (2019) · Current topics in environmental health and preventive medicine · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0520-1_8 · Cited by 6
Evaluating PFAS-Induced modulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) immune response to SARS-CoV-2 spike in COVID-19 Vaccinees
Ayuk, H. S., Pierzchalski, A., Tal, T. L., Myhre, O., Lindeman, B., Smith, N. M., Stojanovska, V., & Zenclussen, A. C. (2025) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109409 · Cited by 6
Associations of serum PFAS with COVID-19 antibody levels among fully vaccinated adults
Bauer, R. A., Yang, Z., Petriello, M. C., Zhang, S., Stapleton, H. M., Adgate, J. L., & Carignan, C. C. (2026) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2026.124154 · Cited by 4
Exposure to Pollutants and Vaccines’ Effectiveness: A Systematic Review
Protano, C., Valeriani, F., Vitale, K., Prete, J. D., Liguori, F., Liguori, G., & Gallé, F. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12111252 · Cited by 4
“The majority of the vaccinations under investigation were hepatitis B, rubella, measles, mumps, diphtheria, and tetanus [23,33,35,36,39,40,42–55,57 ,61 Many articles included in this review showed evidence of the interference that different classes of environmental pollutants exert on vaccine…”
Exploring perfluoroalkyl substances contamination in human breast milk: First ghanaian study
Jonathan, J. W. A., Essumang, D. K., Bentum, J. K., Kabotso, D. E. K., Gborgblorvor, I. R., Eshun, A., Hlorlewu, N. D., & Davordzi, E. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143769 · Cited by 4
Elevated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in tap water and serum in a community near an abandoned paper mill
Bauer, R. A., Bhattacharya, A., Guo, Y. Q., Zhang, S., Stapleton, H. M., Adgate, J. L., Choyke, S. J., Higgins, C. P., & Carignan, C. C. (2025) · Environmental Advances · doi:10.1016/j.envadv.2025.100623 · Cited by 5
“…been investigated extensively in animal and human studies, and found to affect multiple systems in the body including the liver, kidneys, thyroid, and immune system (ATSDR, 2021; Averina et al., 2021; Fenton et al., 2021; Grandjean et al., 2012, 2017; Kielsen et al., 2016; Sunderland et al., 2019).”
Invited Perspective: Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Impaired Antibody Response to Vaccination—Who Is Affected?
Starling, A. P. (2023) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp12971 · Cited by 4
The T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in adults with high exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances from Ronneby, Sweden
Andersson, A. G., Lundgren, A., Xu, Y., Nielsen, C., Lindh, C. H., Pineda, D., Vallin, J., Johnsson, C., Fletcher, T., Bemark, M., et al. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143770 · Cited by 4
Long Chain Per/Polyfluoroalkyl Acids (C8 and Above)
Dourson, M. L., Kougias, D. G., Anderson, J. K., & Onyema, C. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471125474.tox175 · Cited by 6
Relationship Between Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Human Serum and Sjogren’s Syndrome: A Case–Control Study of Populations in Hangzhou, China
Zhao, Y., Hu, S., Jin, H.-B., Fan, C.-B., Liao, K., Zhang, S.-Z., & Xue, J. (2024) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics12100764 · Cited by 3
“Similarly, Kielsen et al. [19] observed negative correlations between PFAA levels and the rate of antibody responses in adults who received tetanus and diphtheria-enhanced vaccine.”
Background
Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS); a Literature Review
Safta, D. (2024) · Undergraduate Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3998/ujph.6064 · Cited by 3
In vivo gamete toxicology in the context of in vitro fertilization: a narrative review
Orsolini, M. F., Russack, J. S., Huynh, H., Raburn, D., Fox, J. T., & Schust, D. J. (2025) · F&S Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.xfnr.2025.100090 · Cited by 3
High-throughput transcriptomic analysis of human primary hepatocyte spheroids exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a platform for relative potency characterizationPreprint
Rowan‐Carroll, A., Reardon, A., Leingartner, K., Gagné, R., Williams, A. J., Meier, M. J., Kuo, B. Y.-L., Bourdon-Lacombe, J., Moffat, I. D., Carrier, R., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.341362 · Cited by 3
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater from the Great Miami buried-valley aquifer, southwestern Ohio, 2019–20
Buszka, P. M., Mailot, B. E., & Mathes, N. A. (2023) · Scientific investigations report · doi:10.3133/sir20235017 · Cited by 3
Evaluation and comparison of tools used to quantify aggregate PFAS exposure: Extractable organic fluorine, PFAS burden scores and summed PFAS concentrations
Klein, R. A., Liu, S. H., Braun, J. M., & Manz, K. E. (2025) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-025-00806-x · Cited by 3
“Health effects of individual PFAS include immunosuppression and an altered immune response [12, 15, 16], tetanus [17], and measles [18], reduced antibody response to vaccination [19], endocrine disruption in women, (demonstrated by effects on hormone production, menstruation, and fertility) [20],…”
Forever Chemicals: Challenges and Opportunities for Researchers
Austin, W., & Mueller, R. (2025) · Review of Environmental Economics and Policy · doi:10.1086/732188 · Cited by 3
The Link between Environmental Toxicant Exposure and Endometriosis Re-Examined
Freger, S. M., & Foster, W. G. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.91002 · Cited by 2
COVID-19 research: toxicological input urgently needed!
Esser, C., Hochrath, K., Schikowski, T., & Haarmann‐Stemmann, T. (2020) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02803-5 · Cited by 2
Differential effects of legacy and new-generation perfluoro-alkyl substances on in vitro differentiation and immunoglobulins production by B cells
Carraro, S., Nisio, A. D., Piazza, M., Gualtiero, G., Cennamo, M., Altinier, S., Cinetto, F., Rattazzi, M., Ceccato, J., Vianello, F., et al. (2026) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2026.110357 · Cited by 1
Perfluorooctanoic acid disrupts splenic immunity and antiviral responses in the LCMV model: Insights from single-cell transcriptomics
Wang, H., Liang, Y., Sun, J., Linares, J. J., Russell, W. K., & Khan, M. F. (2025) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127367 · Cited by 2
The Association Between Serum Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Above the Intervention Threshold Level and Vaccine Antibody Concentrations in an Environmentally Exposed Population
Zamfir, M., Lahne, H., Fingerle, V., Gerstner, D. G., Redwitz, J., Völkel, W., Schöber, W., Aschenbrenner, B., Röhl, C., Herr, C., et al. (2026) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments13020084 · Cited by 1
Serum per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentrations and anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels following COVID-19 vaccination: A cross-sectional study in three communities with elevated PFAS exposure
Rhea, S. K., Collier, D. N., Cuffney, M., Lea, C. S., Kotlarz, N., & Hoppin, J. A. (2026) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2026.114755 · Cited by 1
“…association between PFAS and immunotoxicity in children and adults (Rappazzo et al., 2017; Chang et al., 2016; National Toxicology Program, 2016; Kielsen et al., 2016; Committee on the Guidance on, 2022), a negative association between serum PFAS concentrations and COVID-19 vaccine immune…”
Associations of mid-childhood per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and early childhood metals with mid-childhood antibody titers
Smith, A. R., Lin, P. D., Rifas‐Shiman, S. L., Gold, D. R., Fleisch, A. F., Hivert, M., Oken, E., & Cárdenas, A. (2026) · Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ee9.0000000000000471 · Cited by 1
“54 In contrast, there were no longitudinal associations observed between PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, or PFHxS and tetanus and diph-theria antibody titers in a population of adults from the Faroe Islands.”
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure from dietary and drinking water by integrating probabilistic modeling and community-based research in a vulnerable community in the Central Savannah River Area, USA
Liu, S., Steele, T., Ford, K., & Xu, X. (2026) · Human and Ecological Risk Assessment An International Journal · doi:10.1080/10807039.2026.2651957 · Cited by 1
“…health effects reported in authoritative reviews and human studies, including immunotoxicity with reduced vaccine responses (Grandjean et al. 2012; Kielsen et al. 2016), dyslipidemia and cardiometabolic risk (Meneguzzi et al. 2021), thyroid disruption (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease…”

Authors: Kielsen, K., Shamim, Z., Ryder, L. P., Nielsen, F., Grandjean, P., Budtz-Jørgensen, E., & Heilmann, C.
Affiliations: Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Rheumatology,
Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
University of Southern Denmark (DK)
Harvard University (US)
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Corresponding author: Heilmann, Carsten
ORCID: Kielsen, Katrine
Ryder, Lars P.
Nielsen, Flemming
Grandjean, Philippe
Heilmann, Carsten
Venue: Journal of Immunotoxicology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2015-07-16
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
Pages: 270-273
ISSN: 1547-6901 (ISSN-L)
1547-691X
DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1067259
PMC: PMC4739630
OpenAlex: W1751780479
Cited by: 116
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5
FWCI: 4.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Immunotoxicology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (ES012199)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES012199, ES012199)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotoxicology and immune responses
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Keywords: immunosuppression, booster vaccination, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, antibody response, humoral immune response, serum PFAS concentrations, healthy adults
MeSH terms: Adult, Antibodies, Bacterial, Antibody Formation, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated, Immunization, Secondary, Male, Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Antibody response to booster vaccination with tetanus and diphtheria in adults exposed to perfluorinated alkylates

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks