Physical Fitness as a Protective Factor for Cognitive Impairment in a Prospective Population-Based Study in Germany
Abstract
To evaluate the predictive effects of subjective measures of physical activity (PA) and objective measures of physical fitness (PF) on dementia risk, Participants of the prospective population-based ILSE-study (*1930-1932; 12-year follow-up) were examined at three examination waves (t1 : 1993/94; t2 : 1997/98; t3 : 2005/07). 381 subjects of the original cohort (n = 500) were re-examined at t3. 29% of the subjects who were cognitively healthy at baseline received the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 7% of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Subjects were screened for physical and mental health using medical interviews, physical, and neuropsychological examinations. Participants completed a questionnaire on their current and past PA at t1. Subjects were classified as physically active if they reported a regular sport activity for at least 2 hours per week in the past year. Muscular strength (handgrip) and motor coordination (balance) served as objective indicators of PF. Subjects who passed the balance-test at t1 had a reduced risk of developing MCI/AD at t3 (OR = 0.35, 95%CI 0.19–0.66, p < 0.01) and performed significantly better on various neuropsychological measures. Muscular strength or subjective reports of PA did not predict MCI/AD development. Our results confirm the hypothesis that PF acts as a protective factor for the development of cognitive disorders. In our study, context, motor coordination served as a better predictor than muscular strength or self-rated PA. Since subjects with cognitive disorders due to cerebral and/or systemic disorders were excluded from the analyses, our findings suggest that the effect of skill-related PF extends beyond the reduction of cardiovascular risk factors.
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Exercise is neuroprotective, delays the onset and progression, and reduces the risk for many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
“Exercise has also been shown to be neuroprotective, to delay the onset and progression, and reduce the risk for many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) [17, 39, 58, 89, 108, 163, 193, 199].”
From The neuropathology of sport (2014) · cites this paper as [163]
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Domain-specific physical activity levels and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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The Relationship between Functional Physical Fitness and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults
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- Authors
- Sattler, C., Erickson, K. I., Toro, P., & Schröder, J.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
- Venue
- Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-10-04
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 709-718
- ISSN
- 1387-2877 (ISSN-L)
- 1875-8908
- OpenAlex
- W2098506866
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Alzheimer s Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
- Keywords
- physical fitness, cognitive impairment
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Cognition Disorders, Educational Status, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Germany, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Neuropsychological Tests, Physical Fitness, Population, Prospective Studies, Psychomotor Performance, Social Class, Sports, Cohort Studies, Risk Assessment, Muscle Strength
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