Education and Other Measures of Socioeconomic Status and Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease in a Defined Population of Older Persons
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the relations of 3 measures of socioeconomic status (education, occupational prestige, and income) to risk of incident clinically diagnosed Alzheimer disease (AD). DESIGN: Cohort study with an average observation of 4.3 years. SETTING: East Boston, Mass. a geographically defined community. PARTICIPANTS: A stratified random sample of 642 community residents 65 years of age and older who were free of AD at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Clinical diagnosis of probable AD according to standard criteria, using structured uniform evaluation. RESULTS: The relations of the 3 measures of socioeconomic status to risk of disease were assessed using logistic regression analyses. In individual analyses, fewer years of formal schooling, lower income, and lower occupational status each predicted risk of incident AD; risk of disease decreased by approximately 17% for each year of education. In an analysis including all 3 measures, the effect of education on risk for disease remained approximately the same, but the effects of the other 2 measures were somewhat less and did not attain formal statistical significance, compared with separate analysis of each measure. CONCLUSIONS: Markers of lower socioeconomic status predict risk of developing incident AD. The mechanism of this relation is uncertain, but the possibility that it reflects unidentified and potentially reversible risk factors for the disease deserves careful investigation.
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Persons with higher educational or occupational attainment have a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease compared to those with less attainment.
“persons with higher educational or occupational attainment have a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease compared to those with less attainment (Evans et al., 1997; Stern et al., 1994)”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Evans et al., 1997
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- Authors
- Evans, D. A., Hebert, L. E., Beckett, L. A., Scherr, P. A., Albert, M. S., Chown, M. J., Pilgrim, D. M., & Taylor, J. O.
- Affiliations
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Rush University (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Archives of Neurology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1997-11-01
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1399-1405
- ISSN
- 0003-9942 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2112147894
- Cited by
- 435
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 6.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ag005362-02, 5u01ag006789-03)
- National Institute on Aging (AG 10161, AG 06789, P30AG010161, AG 05362)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, socioeconomic status, education, occupational prestige, income, older adults, risk factors, East Boston
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Social Class, Cohort Studies, Incidence
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