Changes in Brain Volume and Cognition in a Randomized Trial of Exercise and Social Interaction in a Community-Based Sample of Non-Demented Chinese Elders
Open accessAbstract
Physical exercise has been shown to increase brain volume and improve cognition in randomized trials of non-demented elderly. Although greater social engagement was found to reduce dementia risk in observational studies, randomized trials of social interventions have not been reported. A representative sample of 120 elderly from Shanghai, China was randomized to four groups (Tai Chi, Walking, Social Interaction, No Intervention) for 40 weeks. Two MRIs were obtained, one before the intervention period, the other after. A neuropsychological battery was administered at baseline, 20 weeks, and 40 weeks. Comparison of changes in brain volumes in intervention groups with the No Intervention group were assessed by t-tests. Time-intervention group interactions for neuropsychological measures were evaluated with repeated-measures mixed models. Compared to the No Intervention group, significant increases in brain volume were seen in the Tai Chi and Social Intervention groups (p < 0.05). Improvements also were observed in several neuropsychological measures in the Tai Chi group, including the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale score (p = 0.004), the Trailmaking Test A (p = 0.002) and B (p = 0.0002), the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (p = 0.009), and verbal fluency for animals (p = 0.01). The Social Interaction group showed improvement on some, but fewer neuropsychological indices. No differences were observed between the Walking and No Intervention groups. The findings differ from previous clinical trials in showing increases in brain volume and improvements in cognition with a largely non-aerobic exercise (Tai Chi). In addition, intellectual stimulation through social interaction was associated with increases in brain volume as well as with some cognitive improvements.
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A Finnish RCT showed a small significant improvement on ADAS-cog from a three-month social intervention, but US and China studies did not find facilitator-led group activities beneficial.
“One Finnish RCT of a three-month intervention with a primary outcome of cognition recruited 235 people who were lonely aged ≥75 and showed a small, significant improvement on ADAS-cog performance (mean difference in change -2.6 /100 points)(225) but studies from the US (226) and China(227) did not find that facilitator-led group activities were beneficial.”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission (2024) · cites this paper as [227]
The citation to this paper supports the China portion of the sentence, not the Finnish or US findings. In the Results, the social-interaction group improved significantly on animal verbal fluency; the Discussion also reports increased brain volume and improvement on selected cognitive measures. The paper therefore reports benefits from the group activity rather than finding it not beneficial. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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- Authors
- Mortimer, J. A., Ding, D., Borenstein, A. R., DeCarli, C., Guo, Q., Wu, Y., Zhao, Q., & Chu, S.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- Fudan University (CN)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mortimer, James A.
- Venue
- Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-06-18
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 757-766
- ISSN
- 1387-2877 (ISSN-L)
- 1875-8908
- PMC
- PMC3788823
- OpenAlex
- W2128127086
- Cited by
- 281
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 10.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Alzheimer s Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG010129)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- brain volume, cognitive function
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Brain, Cognition, Dementia, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Organ Size, Residence Characteristics, Exercise, Walking, Tai Ji, Asian People
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