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Light therapy and Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia: Past, present, and future
Open accessAbstract
Sleep disturbances are common in persons with Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD), resulting in a negative impact on the daytime function of the affected person and on the wellbeing of caregivers. The sleep/wake pattern is directly driven by the timing signals generated by a circadian pacemaker, which may or may not be perfectly functioning in those with ADRD. A 24-hour light/dark pattern incident on the retina is the most efficacious stimulus for entraining the circadian system to the solar day. In fact, a carefully orchestrated light/dark pattern has been shown in several controlled studies of older populations, with and without ADRD, to be a powerful non-pharmacological tool to improve sleep efficiency and consolidation. Discussed here are research results from studies looking at the effectiveness of light therapy in improving sleep, depression, and agitation in older adults with ADRD. A 24-hour lighting scheme to increase circadian entrainment, improve visibility, and reduce the risk of falls in those with ADRD is proposed, and future research needs are discussed.
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Direct wakefulness consolidation indirectly enhances subsequent SWS, and may thus facilitate the hypothesized mechanism for trazodone's benefits.
“In turn, direct wakefulness consolidation indirectly enhances subsequent SWS, and may thus facilitate the hypothesized mechanism for trazodone's benefits [27-29, 36]”
From Long-Term Trazodone Use and Cognition: A Potential Therapeutic Role for Slow-Wave Sleep Enhancers (2019) · cites this paper as [29]
The Sleep Disturbances section (page unavailable) reports that morning bright light increased daytime wakefulness and improved nighttime sleep in people with Alzheimer’s disease or related dementia. It does not say that consolidated wakefulness enhances subsequent slow-wave sleep (SWS), or connect that proposed mechanism to trazodone. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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Cites
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Light therapy for non-seasonal depression
Tuunainen, A., Kripke, D. F., & Endo, T. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004050.pub2 · Cited by 261 · cited 1×
“While positive effects of light therapy have been shown in some cases of depression [59, 60], mixed results have come with the attempt to treat depression symptoms in ADRD patients with light therapy.”
Bright light therapy for agitation in dementia: a randomized controlled trial
Burns, A., Allen, H., Tomenson, B., Duignan, D., & Byrne, J. (2009) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610209008886 · Cited by 171
Sleep fragmentation in patients from a nursing home
Ancoli-Israel, S., Parker, L., Sinaee, R., Fell, R. L., & Kripke, D. F. (1989) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/44.1.m18 · Cited by 157 · cited 1×
“Research estimates that ADRD patients will spend approximately 40% of their night awake and a large portion of the solar day asleep [18] [19] [20].”
Yamadera, H., Ito, T., Suzuki, H., Asayama, K., Ito, R., & Endo, S. (2000) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00711.x · Cited by 148
Light Treatment for Neuropsychiatric Behaviors in Alzheimer's Disease
Dowling, G. A., Graf, C. L., Hubbard, E. M., & Luxenberg, J. S. (2007) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945907303083 · Cited by 121
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hanford, N., & Figueiro, M.
- Affiliations
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (US)
- ORCID
- Figueiro, Mariana
- Venue
- Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-01-21
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 913-922
- ISSN
- 1387-2877 (ISSN-L)
- 1875-8908
- PMC
- PMC3553247
- OpenAlex
- W1555903886
- Cited by
- 136
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 0.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Alzheimer s Disease (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG034157)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- phototherapy, Alzheimer's disease
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Dementia, Forecasting, Humans, Phototherapy
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