Modifiable Lifestyle Activities Affect Cognition in Cognitively Healthy Middle-Aged Individuals at Risk for Late-Life Alzheimer’s Disease
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: It is now acknowledged that Alzheimer's disease (AD) processes are present decades before the onset of clinical symptoms, but it remains unknown whether lifestyle factors can protect against these early AD processes in mid-life. OBJECTIVE: We asked whether modifiable lifestyle activities impact cognition in middle-aged individuals who are cognitively healthy, but at risk for late life AD. Participants (40-59 years) completed cognitive and clinical assessments at baseline (N = 206) and two years follow-up (N = 174). METHODS: Mid-life activities were measured with the Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire. We assessed the impact of lifestyle activities, known risk factors for sporadic late-onset AD (Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele status, family history of dementia, and the Cardiovascular Risk Factors Aging and Dementia score), and their interactions on cognition. RESULTS: More frequent engagement in physically, socially, and intellectually stimulating activities was associated with better cognition (verbal, spatial, and relational memory), at baseline and follow-up. Critically, more frequent engagement in these activities was associated with stronger cognition (verbal and visuospatial functions, and conjunctive short-term memory binding) in individuals with family history of dementia. Impaired visuospatial function is one of the earliest cognitive deficits in AD and has previously associated with increased AD risk in this cohort. Additionally, conjunctive memory functions have been found impaired in the pre-symptomatic stages of AD. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that modifiable lifestyle activities offset cognitive decrements due to AD risk in mid-life and support the targeting of modifiable lifestyle activities for the prevention of AD.
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AD risk factors include obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.
“AD risk factors include obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol [51,52,53].”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
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Groechel, R. C., Liu, A. C., Lutsey, P. L., Palta, P., Kucharska‐Newton, A., Koton, S., Sharrett, A. R., Gross, A. L., Walker, K. A., & Gottesman, R. F. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70365 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Deng, F., Dounavi, M., Ritchie, K. A., Terrera, G. M., Malhotra, P., Ritchie, C. W., LAWLOR, B. A., & Naçi, L. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.09.02.22279541 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Graham, M., Rossor, M., Lawlor, B., & Naci, L. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877241292370 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Luo, D., Wong, W., Li, Z.-L., Qin, G., Lan, Z., Mo, F., & Wei, Y. (2025) · European spine journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-025-09449-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Qi, Q., Deng, F., Ritchie, K. A., Terrera, G. M., Koychev, I. G., Malhotra, P., O'Brien, J. T., Ritchie, C. W., LAWLOR, B. A., & Naçi, L. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.23284340
Deng, F., El‐Sherbiny, S., Dounavi, M., Ritchie, K. A., Terrera, G. M., Malhotra, P., Ritchie, C. W., LAWLOR, B. A., & Naçi, L. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.07.04.23292189
A Literature Review on Alzheimer’s disease: Exploring Diagnosis, Care, and Management
Aya, L. M. O. (2025) · International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews · doi:10.55248/gengpi.6.0525.18123
Cao, B., Qi, Q., Hutchinson, S., Ferguson, D., Malhotra, P., Koychev, I. G., O'Brien, J. T., Bridgeman, K., Ritchie, C. W., LAWLOR, B. A., et al. (2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.70303
Hao, L., Xing, Y., & Han, Y. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877261453551
Bidirectional Association Between Lifestyle and Cognitive Function in Aging Adults
Lim, Y., & Park, J. (2026) · OTJR Occupational Therapy Journal of Research · doi:10.1177/15394492261452169
Tabira, K., Shiratsuchi, D., Miyake, Y., & Makizako, H. (2026) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-026-00374-4
- Authors
- Heneghan, A., Deng, F., Wells, K., Ritchie, K., Muniz-Terrera, G., Ritchie, C. W., Lawlor, B., & Naci, L.
- Affiliations
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Inserm (FR)
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Venue
- Journal of Alzheimer s Disease
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2023-01-17
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 833-846
- ISSN
- 1387-2877 (ISSN-L)
- 1875-8908
- OpenAlex
- W4311114405
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 2.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Alzheimer s Disease (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Alzheimer's Association (TriBEKa-17-519007)
- L'Oreal USA
- Global Brain Health Institute
- Alzheimer's Society (178 and 264)
- Imperial College London
- Trinity College Dublin
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Cognition, Humans, Life Style, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Cognitive Dysfunction
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