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Dynamics of biomarkers across the stages of traumatic spinal cord injury-implications for neural plasticity and repair
Abstract
Background Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex medical condition causing significant physical disability and psychological distress. While the adult spinal cord is characterized by poor regenerative potential, some recovery of neurological function is still possible through activation of neural plasticity mechanisms. We still have limited knowledge about the activation of these mechanisms in the different stages after human SCI. Objective In this review, we discuss the potential role of biomarkers of SCI as indicators of the plasticity mechanisms at work during the different phases of SCI. Methods An extensive review of literature related to SCI pathophysiology, neural plasticity and humoral biomarkers was conducted by consulting the PubMed database. Research and review articles from SCI animal models and SCI clinical trials published in English until January 2021 were reviewed. The selection of candidates for humoral biomarkers of plasticity after SCI was based on the following criteria: 1) strong evidence supporting involvement in neural plasticity (mandatory); 2) evidence supporting altered expression after SCI (optional). Results Based on selected findings, we identified two main groups of potential humoral biomarkers of neural plasticity after SCI: 1) neurotrophic factors including: Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Nerve growth factor (NGF), Neurotrofin-3 (NT-3), and Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1); 2) other factors including: Tumor necrosis fac…
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“Multimodal frameworks that combine EEG and fMRI outperform clinical features alone and support precision sequencing in prospective designs [214,372,373].”
From Synaptic Plasticity—Intrinsic Excitability and Antidepressant Discovery (2026) · cites this paper as [372]
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Synaptic Plasticity—Intrinsic Excitability and Antidepressant Discovery
Tanaka, M. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14061265
Metadata
- Authors
- Begenisic, T., Pavese, C., Aiachini, B., Nardone, A., & Rossi, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Pavia (IT)
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Nardone, Antonio
- Venue
- Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2021-02-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 339-366
- ISSN
- 0922-6028 (ISSN-L)
- 1878-3627
- OpenAlex
- W3207698455
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 0.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Spinal Cord Injury Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Keywords
- traumatic spinal cord injury, biomarkers, neuroplasticity, neurotrophic factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3, insulin-like growth factor I, TNF-α, matrix metalloproteinases, microRNA, maladaptive plasticity, functional recovery
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Neuronal Plasticity, Spinal Cord, Spinal Cord Injuries, Biomarkers, Recovery of Function, MicroRNAs
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