Patterns and drivers of the demersal fish community of Chesapeake Bay

May combine two claims.

Low overall CPUE and species richness occurred in mesohaline waters of Chesapeake Bay.

“with low overall CPUE and richness in mesohaline waters”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Species have a unimodal response across the gradient of each explanatory variable in constrained correspondence analysis.

May combine two claims.

September was a strong driver of species composition, with many elasmobranchs loading with warmer water in September.

“September also was a strong driver of species composition, with many of the elasmobranchs loading with warmer water in September.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Species have a unimodal response across the gradient of each explanatory variable in constrained correspondence analysis.

May combine two claims.

November yielded the highest relative effect on Simpson's diversity, but Simpson's diversity was relatively consistent across years.

“Temporally, November yielded the highest relative effect on D, but D was relatively consistent across years (Fig. 6).”

May combine two claims.

Species richness progressively increased by month, with the largest positive effect in November.

“Species richness progressively increased by month, with the largest positive effect in November (Fig. 6).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Salinity was dropped from the GAM for Simpson's diversity as a non-significant covariate.

“Salinity was dropped from the GAM as a non-significant covariate (Table 4).”

May combine two claims.

Patterns by depth stratum indicated higher catches of white perch in the shallow reaches of the bay, whereas croaker dominated in intermediate and deeper bay areas.

“Patterns by depth stratum indicated higher catches of white perch in the shallow reaches of the bay, whereas croaker dominated in intermediate and deeper bay areas.”

May combine two claims.

Trawled biomass peaked in July, with that month accounting for 31% of the total.

“Trawled biomass peaked in July, with that month accounting for 31% of the total.”

May combine two claims.

Salinity had strong positive effects on CPUE of ANAD fishes in low salinities and ELAS fishes in high salinities, whereas the effect on COAS fishes was only slightly positive at lower salinities.

“Salinity had strong positive effects on CPUE of ANAD and ELAS fishes in low and high salinities, respectively, whereas the effect on COAS fishes was only slightly positive at lower salinities (Fig. 5).”

May combine two claims.

Region 5 in the lower bay accounted for 43% of total trawled biomass and had a more equitable contribution from various species.

“Region 5 in the lower bay accounted for 43% of total trawled biomass and had a more equitable contribution from various species.”

May combine two claims.

FISH trends were generally a combination of the predicted patterns for the other groups, but tended to mirror COAS patterns more closely.

“Trends for the FISH group were generally a combination of the predicted patterns for the other groups, but the FISH trends tended to mirror COAS patterns more closely”

May combine two claims.

Annually, species richness peaked in 2007, but the magnitudes of the year effects were generally low.

“Annually, S peaked in 2007, but the magnitudes of the year effects were generally low (Fig. 6).”

May combine two claims.

Species richness exhibited the largest changes in magnitude as a function of latitude, with mid-latitudes having substantially lower values, particularly in July and September.

“Species richness exhibited the largest changes in magnitude as a function of latitude, with mid-latitudes having substantially lower values, particularly in July and September (Fig. 4).”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The residual error is independent and identically distributed, with a mean of zero and constant variance.

May combine two claims.

Relative to other factors, annual variability in catch composition was less pronounced but showed decreased contribution by Atlantic croaker in the later years.

“Relative to the other factors, annual variability in catch composition was less pronounced but showed decreased contribution by Atlantic croaker in the later years.”

May combine two claims.

Atlantic croaker loaded negatively on CCA2, corresponding with higher CPUE in the early period (2002 to 2007), while the relative contribution of many other species to total catch increased in the later period of the time series.

“Atlantic croaker loaded negatively on CCA2 corresponding with higher CPUE in the early period (2002 to 2007) of the time series, while the relative contribution of many other species to total catch increased in the later period of the time series.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Species have a unimodal response across the gradient of each explanatory variable in constrained correspondence analysis.

May combine two claims.

The demersal fish community in Chesapeake Bay was primarily structured by the latitudinal salinity gradient, which largely differentiated anadromous fishes from coastal shelf spawning species and elasmobranchs.

“The demersal fish community was primarily structured by the latitudinal salinity gradient that largely differentiated anadromous fishes from coastal shelf spawning species and elasmobranchs”

• Also stated in: § Constrained correspondence analysis of community composition · boosted

  “Species composition within the Chesapeake Bay community was largely driven by latitudinal and salinity gradients, which were strongly correlated with the first CCA axis (CCA1; Fig. 3).”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Species have a unimodal response across the gradient of each explanatory variable in constrained correspondence analysis.

May combine two claims.

Community composition and biomass in Chesapeake Bay shifted after 2007, with a substantial decline in annual CPUE of some species groups.

“Community composition and biomass shifted after 2007, with a substantial decline in annual CPUE of some species groups.”

• Also stated in: § Basic catch information · plain

  “Overall, trawled biomasses were higher before 2007 (with peaks in 2004 and 2006), whereas 2008 to 2011 had relatively low biomasses.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Catchability was constant over time, space, and species.

May combine two claims.

COAS fishes preferred intermediate depths whereas ANAD fishes preferred shallower waters.

“COAS fishes preferred intermediate depths whereas ANAD fishes preferred shallower waters.”

May combine two claims.

ANAD fishes preferred colder waters below 15°C and higher latitudes, opposing the trends for COAS species.

“ANAD fishes preferred colder waters below 15°C and higher latitudes, opposing the trends for COAS species (Figs. 4 & 5).”

May combine two claims.

One of the strongest factors driving patterns in community composition along CCA2 was a clear separation among years before and after 2008, with 2002 to 2007 and 2008 to 2011 having more negative and positive loadings, respectively.

“One of the strongest factors driving the patterns in community composition along this axis was a clear separation among years before and after 2008 (2002 to 2007 and 2008 to 2011 with more negative and positive loadings, respectively).”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Species have a unimodal response across the gradient of each explanatory variable in constrained correspondence analysis.

May combine two claims.

Atlantic croaker accounted for over 50% of sampled fish biomass in May and July, but its relative contribution decreased in the fall (September and November).

“Atlantic croaker accounted for over 50% of sampled fish biomass in May and July, but relative contributions decreased in the fall (September and November)”

May combine two claims.

Anadromous species (white perch and striped bass) had strong negative loadings on CCA1, reflecting higher catch rates in the lower salinity waters of the upper bay, especially during November and March.

“ANAD species (white perch and striped bass) had strong negative loadings on CCA1, highlighting their higher catch rates in the lower salinity waters of the upper bay, especially during November and March.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Species have a unimodal response across the gradient of each explanatory variable in constrained correspondence analysis.

May combine two claims.

Species richness was greatest at intermediate depths of approximately 16 to 22 m and at greater depths above 30 m, but precision at the greater depths was poor.

“Species richness was greatest at intermediate depths (~16 to 22 m) and greater depths (> 30 m), but precision at the greater depths was poor.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The residual error is independent and identically distributed, with a mean of zero and constant variance.

May combine two claims.

The Potomac River mouth at 38°N represented a transitional point for COAS below which catches increased dramatically in most months, with a clear peak at approximately 37.5°N in spring and summer.

“The Potomac River mouth (at 38° N) represented a transitional point for COAS below which catches increased dramatically in most months, with a clear peak at approximately 37.5° N in the spring and summer months (Fig. 4).”

May combine two claims.

YOY indices ranked within the top 3 models for several metric-group combinations, but effects could be positive or negative.

“YOY indices ranked within the top 3 models for several metric-group combinations, but effects could be positive or negative.”

May combine two claims.

Species composition and community metrics changed dramatically within the 10 yr dataset, with later years characterized by low CPUE of COAS, ANAD, and FISH species groups and decreased proportional contributions by Atlantic croaker.

“Species composition and community metrics changed dramatically within the 10 yr dataset, with later years characterized by low CPUE of COAS, ANAD, and FISH species groups and decreased proportional contributions by Atlantic croaker.”

May combine two claims.

In our study, the localized negative effects of hypoxia were strongly evident in the demersal community, but there was little evidence of annual patterns in demersal productivity being strongly related to hypoxic volume or other climatic variables related to eutrophication.

“In our study, the localized negative effects of hypoxia were strongly evident in the demersal community, but there was little evidence of annual patterns in demersal productivity being strongly related to hypoxic volume or other climatic variables related to eutrophication”

May combine two claims.

ELAS CPUE remained more consistent over the time series although values were slightly higher after 2005.

“ELAS CPUE remained more consistent over the time series although values were slightly higher after 2005.”

May combine two claims.

Month effects on CPUE were generally smaller than other factors and lacked precision.

“Month effects on CPUE were generally smaller than other factors and lacked precision (Fig. 6)”

May combine two claims.

The effect of dissolved oxygen was detected only at levels below 3.5 mg l-1, most strongly evident with the COAS group.

“The effect of DO was detected only at levels < 3.5 mg l -1 , but this was most strongly evident with the COAS group.”

May combine two claims.

For species richness of all fishes combined, the Year model (lag 0, span 1) had an Akaike weight of 0.994 and a Pearson correlation of 1.00 with the estimated year effect.

“| FISH | 1 | Year | 0 | 1 0.994 1.00 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For CPUE of anadromous species (ANAD), the YOY Index (ANAD) model (lag 2, span 2) had an Akaike weight of 0.016 and a Pearson correlation of 0.90 with the estimated year effect.

“| 3 | YOY Index (ANAD) | 2 | 2 0.016 0.90 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For CPUE of all fishes combined, the Landings, coast-wide (A+C) model (lag 0, span 1) had an Akaike weight of 0.009 and a Pearson correlation of 0.81 with the estimated year effect.

“| 2 | Landings, coast-wide (A+C) | 0 | 1 0.009 0.81 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For species richness of all fishes combined, the YOY Index (A+C) model (lag 1, span 2) had an Akaike weight of 0.001 and a Pearson correlation of -0.75 with the estimated year effect.

“| 3 | YOY Index (A+C) | 1 | 2 0.001 -0.75 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For CPUE of elasmobranchs (ELAS), the Year model (lag 0, span 1) had an Akaike weight of 0.511 and a Pearson correlation of 1.00 with the estimated year effect.

“| ELAS | 1 | Year | 0 | 1 0.511 1.00 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For CPUE of coastal shelf spawners (COAS), the YOY Index (A+C) model (lag 0, span 2) had an Akaike weight of 0.013 and a Pearson correlation of -0.92 with the estimated year effect.

“| 2 | YOY Index (A+C) | 0 | 2 0.013 -0.92 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For species richness of all fishes combined, the Landings, coast-wide (COAS) model (lag 0, span 1) had an Akaike weight of 0.003 and a Pearson correlation of 0.32 with the estimated year effect.

“| 2 | Landings, coast-wide (COAS) | 0 | 1 0.003 0.32 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For species diversity of all fishes combined, the YOY Index (ANAD) model (lag 1, span 1) had an Akaike weight of 0.092 and a Pearson correlation of -0.26 with the estimated year effect.

“| 2 | YOY Index (ANAD) | 1 | 1 0.092 -0.26 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These relationships were not strongly evident in our analysis, perhaps due to our shorter time series or to the added influence of the other COAS species.

“These relationships were not strongly evident in our analysis, perhaps due to our shorter time series or to the added influence of the other COAS species.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For CPUE of all fishes combined, the Landings, coast-wide (COAS) model (lag 0, span 1) had an Akaike weight of 0.000 and a Pearson correlation of 0.73 with the estimated year effect.

“| 3 | Landings, coast-wide (COAS) | 0 | 1 0.000 0.73 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For CPUE of elasmobranchs (ELAS), the Landings, Bay (COAS) model (lag 0, span 1) had an Akaike weight of 0.462 and a Pearson correlation of -0.38 with the estimated year effect.

“| 2 | Landings, Bay (COAS) | 0 | 1 0.462 -0.38 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For CPUE of anadromous species (ANAD), the Year model (lag 0, span 1) had an Akaike weight of 0.811 and a Pearson correlation of 1.00 with the estimated year effect.

“| ANAD | 1 | Year | 0 | 1 0.811 1.00 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For species diversity of all fishes combined, the Landings, coast-wide (ANAD) model (lag 0, span 1) had an Akaike weight of 0.079 and a Pearson correlation of 0.62 with the estimated year effect.

“| 3 | Landings, coast-wide (ANAD) | 0 | 1 0.079 0.62 |”

May combine two claims.

The only exception was river discharge, but it was used to model Simpson diversity which lacked variability and contrast among years.

“The only exception was river discharge, but it was used to model Simpson diversity which lacked variability and contrast among years.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For CPUE of anadromous species (ANAD), the Landings, coast-wide (A+C) model (lag 0, span 1) had an Akaike weight of 0.172 and a Pearson correlation of 0.94 with the estimated year effect.

“| 2 | Landings, coast-wide (A+C) | 0 | 1 0.172 0.94 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For CPUE of coastal shelf spawners (COAS), the Landings, coast-wide (COAS) model (lag 0, span 1) had an Akaike weight of 0.003 and a Pearson correlation of 0.75 with the estimated year effect.

“| 3 | Landings, coast-wide (COAS) | 0 | 1 0.003 0.75 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For CPUE of elasmobranchs (ELAS), the YOY Index (ANAD) model (lag 1, span 2) had an Akaike weight of 0.010 and a Pearson correlation of -0.66 with the estimated year effect.

“| 3 | YOY Index (ANAD) | 1 | 2 0.010 -0.66 |”

May combine two claims.

For CPUE of coastal shelf spawners (COAS), the Year model (lag 0, span 1) had an Akaike weight of 0.983 and a Pearson correlation of 1.00 with the estimated year effect.

“| COAS | 1 | Year | 0 | 1 0.983 1.00 |”

May combine two claims.

Differences in sampling effort (area swept) did not have discernible effects on species richness or Simpson diversity across stations, and all tows were sufficiently long to capture a representative sample of biological diversity.

“Graphical and statistical analyses indicated that differences in sampling effort (area swept) did not have discernible effects on S or D across stations and that all tows were sufficiently long to capture a representative sample of biological diversity”

May combine two claims.

The mid-bay stations had a lower predicted species richness, a higher regional pool, and thus a much higher species turnover across stations.

“The mid-bay stations had a lower predicted S, a higher regional pool, and thus a much higher species turnover across stations.”

May combine two claims.

Both demersal and pelagic environments of the mesohaline Chesapeake Bay mainstem act as suboptimal habitats for bay fishes and support a relative paucity of fish biomass.

“Thus, both demersal and pelagic environments of the mesohaline Chesapeake Bay mainstem act as suboptimal habitats for bay fishes and support a relative paucity of fish biomass.”

May combine two claims.

Latitude indicated the general salinity regime and acted as a spatial locator, whereas salinity was a higher-resolution measure of water quality.

“Latitude indicated the general salinity regime (e.g.oligohaline to poly haline) and acted as a spatial locator, whereas salinity was a higher-resolution (and more variable) measure of water quality.”

May combine two claims.

The spatial gradient in community composition was largely driven by the ANAD species (white perch and striped bass) but also reflected broader spatiotemporal trends in biodiversity.

“The spatial gradient in community composition was largely driven by the ANAD species (white perch and striped bass) but also reflected broader spatiotemporal trends in biodiversity.”

May combine two claims.

Research on the effects of hypoxia on adult fishes has been restricted to tributaries and smaller areas within the bay or has focused on effects on pelagic and mainly planktivorous fishes.

“However, research on the effects of hypoxia on adult fishes has been restricted to tributaries and smaller areas within the bay (Pihl et al. 1991, Carmichael et al. 1992, Breitburg et al. 2001) or has focused on effects on pelagic and mainly planktivorous fishes (Jung & Houde 2003, Ludsin et al. 2009).”

• cites Pihl et al. 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Carmichael et al. 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Breitburg et al. 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

All these values represent substantial decreases in catch rates in recent years, especially for COAS species.

“however, all of these values represent substantial de creases in catch rates in recent years, especially for COAS species.”

May combine two claims.

The drastic decline in species richness, Simpson's diversity, and CPUE documented here was consistent with work from other systems and suggests that from a multispecies, community perspective, there is a strong threshold avoidance response that begins when dissolved oxygen drops below approximately 4 mg l-1.

“The drastic decline in S, D, and CPUE documented here was consistent with work from other systems (e.g.Breitburg 2002, Eby & Crowder 2002, Keller et al. 2010) and suggests that from a multispecies, community perspective, there is a strong threshold avoidance response that begins when DO drops below ~4 mg l -1 .”

• cites Breitburg 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Eby & Crowder 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Keller et al. 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Despite cooler temperatures, species richness and Simpson diversity was relatively high in November because cold temperate and even boreal species become more prevalent in the bay while many species are migrating out to overwinter in coastal waters.

“Despite cooler temperatures, species richness and Simpson diversity was relatively high in November because cold temperate and even boreal species (e.g.striped bass, spotted hake) become more prevalent in the bay while many species are migrating out to overwinter in coastal waters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Strong annual shifts in community composition and structure have previously been documented for the bay's pelagic fish community.

“Strong annual shifts in community composition and structure have previously been documented for the bay's pelagic fish community (Jung & Houde 2003).”

• cites Jung & Houde 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In estuarine environments, salinity is frequently found to be a dominant structuring factor, separating freshwater and marine species.

“Particularly in estuarine en vironments, salinity is frequently found to be a dominant structuring factor (Day et al. 1989), separating freshwater and marine species.”

• cites Day et al. 1989Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Striped bass are caught in higher numbers during cold months (March), when the resident contingent (mostly male fish) is overwintering in Chesapeake Bay and as coastal migrants are moving to the rivers for spawning.

“Striped bass are also caught in higher numbers during cold months (March), when the resident contingent (mostly male fish) is overwintering in Chesapeake Bay and as coastal migrants are moving to the rivers for spawning (Fay et al. 1983)”

• cites Fay et al. 1983Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The pelagic community exhibited resilience to a strong environmental perturbation (very high annual precipitation), progressively returning to the pre-disturbance structure as time passed.

“The pelagic community exhibited resilience to a strong environmental perturbation (in the form of very high annual precipitation), progressively re turning to the pre-disturbance structure as time passed (Jung & Houde 2003).”

• cites Jung & Houde 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Overall, the annual patterns were most strongly linked to fishing pressure and recruitment processes, but it is unclear whether the trends represent natural fluctuations in community dynamics or if these changes are symptomatic of continued stresses on the bay ecosystem.

“Overall, the annual patterns were most strongly linked to fishing pressure and recruitment processes, but it is unclear whether the trends represent natural fluctuations in community dynamics or if these changes are symptomatic of continued stresses on the bay ecosystem”

May combine two claims.

Late summer and early autumn temperatures also allow rarer tropical species to join the warm-temperate and subtropical summer residents in the bay, thus increasing biological diversity.

“Late summer and early autumn temperatures also allow rarer tropical species to join the warm-temperate and subtropical summer residents in the bay (Murdy et al. 1997), thus increasing biological diversity.”

• cites Murdy et al. 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

This study documented notable, drastic shifts in large-scale fish distributions and catches, which represents a substantial reduction in available fish habitat for demersal fishes.

“This study documented notable, drastic shifts in large-scale fish distributions and catches, which represents a substantial reduction in available fish habitat for demersal fishes.”

May combine two claims.

This pattern indicates that species turnover (beta diversity) is low; species composition is more consistent and the fish community more homogenous across upper bay stations, likely due to the relative ubiquity of white perch throughout the year in the upper bay.

“This pattern indicates that species turnover (i.e.β diversity -a measure of the change in species biodiversity over time or space) is low; in other words, species composition is more consistent and the fish community more homogenous across upper bay stations, likely due to the relative ubiquity of white perch throughout the year in the upper bay.”

May combine two claims.

Community patterns in species turnover may differ by estuarine region (tributaries vs. mainstem) or by the size range of the fish assemblage.

“Thus, community patterns in species turnover may differ by estuarine region (tributaries vs. mainstem) or by the size range of the fish assemblage.”

May combine two claims.

The bathymetry of the area near the mouth of the Rappahannock River promotes a strong oxycline, and similar aggregations of fish catch rates have been shown surrounding hypoxic areas in the Gulf of Mexico.

“The bathymetry of this area near the mouth of the Rappahannock River promotes a strong oxycline (Hagy et al. 2004), and similar aggregations of fish catch rates have been shown surrounding hypoxic areas in the Gulf of Mexico (Craig 2012).”

• cites Hagy et al. 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Craig 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The lack of a steeper increase in ANAD CPUE to the north could be the result of the smoothing function fitting data from 2 species; white perch catch rates alone were much greater north of 39°N where the mainstem channel ends and hypoxia is less problematic.

“Additionally, the lack of a steeper increase in ANAD CPUE to the north could be the result of the smoothing function fitting data from 2 species; white perch catch rates alone (without striped bass) were much greater north of 39° N where the mainstem channel ends and hypoxia is less problematic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Within Chesapeake Bay, the effects of hypoxia on distribution and abundance of zooplankton and fish larvae have been demonstrated in several locations.

“Within Chesapeake Bay, the effects of hypoxia on distribution and abundance of zooplankton and fish larvae have been demonstrated in several locations (Roman et al. 1993, Keister et al. 2000, Ludsin et al. 2009).”

• cites Roman et al. 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Keister et al. 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ludsin et al. 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Mesohaline waters act as an obstacle to marine and freshwater species that limits the distribution of those species groups within the bay, translating to documented parabolic trends in species richness, Simpson's diversity, and total fish CPUE with a transitional point at approximately 20 psu and 38 to 38.5°N.

“Consequently, meso haline waters act as an obstacle to marine and fresh water species that limits the distribution of those species groups within the bay, translating to the documented parabolic trends in S, D and total fish CPUE (with a transitional point at ~20 psu and 38 to 38.5° N).”

May combine two claims.

Generally, the middle and lower bays have a more diverse and dynamic fauna due to the migration of many species, making these regions more heterogeneous over space and time.

“Generally, the middle and lower bays have a more diverse and dynamic fauna due to the migration of many species, making these regions more heterogeneous over space and time.”

May combine two claims.

This threshold suggests that habitat quality for the demersal fish assemblage begins to be reduced at values above 2 mg l-1 (the typical definition for hypoxia), as fish exhibit elevated respiration and metabolism, reduced growth, or other signs of physiological stress that drive mobile animals to emigrate from the affected area.

“This threshold suggests that habitat quality for the demersal fish assemblage begins to be reduced at values > 2 mg l -1 (the typical definition for hypoxia), as fish exhibit elevated respiration and metabolism, reduced growth, or other signs of physiological stress that drive mobile animals to emigrate from the affected area (Breit burg 2002, Gray et al. 2002).”

• cites Breitburg 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gray et al. 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Both the COAS and the majority of the ELAS species demonstrated alternative usage of the bay's mainstem relative to ANAD fishes, with greatest residence and utilization during summer and fall when water temperatures are the warmest.

“Both the COAS and the majority of the ELAS species demonstrated alternative usage of the bay's mainstem (relative to ANAD fishes), with greatest residence and utilization during summer and fall when water temperatures are the warmest.”

May combine two claims.

ELAS life histories are more varied given the larger number of species; however, several species spawn in spring or summer within estuarine waters or forage in the bay in summer and fall.

“ELAS life histories are more varied given the larger number of species; however, several species spawn in spring or summer within estuarine waters or forage in the bay in summer and fall (Wourms 1977, Murdy et al. 1997).”

• cites Wourms 1977 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Murdy et al. 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Both species richness and Simpson diversity were sensitive to the environmental covariates and exhibited similar functional responses to the modeled variables, suggesting that both are useful indicators of general biological diversity of the Chesapeake Bay fish community.

“Both species richness and Simpson diversity were sensitive to the environmental covariates and exhibited similar functional responses to the modeled variables, suggesting that both are useful indicators of general biological diversity of the Chesapeake Bay fish community.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Within Chesapeake Bay and other coastal systems, several studies have linked climatic variables with patterns in fish populations and community metrics.

“Within Chesapeake Bay and other coastal systems, several studies have linked climatic variables with patterns in fish populations and community metrics (e.g.Hofmann & Powell 1998, Attrill & Power 2002, Nye et al. 2009).”

• cites Hofmann & Powell 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Attrill & Power 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Nye et al. 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The general decline in COAS CPUE (since 2005/2006) and COAS landings does not appear to be driven by changes in total population size given that spawning stock biomass for Atlantic croaker and summer flounder have continued to grow.

“Interestingly, the general de cline in COAS CPUE (since 2005/2006) and COAS landings does not appear to be driven by changes in total population size given that SSB for Atlantic croaker and summer flounder have continued to grow (ASMFC 2010, Terceiro 2011).”

• cites ASMFC 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Terceiro 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The ChesMMAP survey CPUE reliably indexes demersal fish abundance or biomass.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This poor correlation may be related to low site fidelity by adult Atlantic croaker and highlights the importance of spatial scale in looking at such relationships.

“This poor correlation may be related to low site fidelity by adult Atlantic croaker and highlights the importance of spatial scale in looking at such relationships.”

May combine two claims.

These general patterns do not negate the importance of climatic variables as important drivers of community metrics but instead indicate that other processes such as recruitment (which can be influenced by climate) may be more directly related over the 10 yr time scale investigated.

“These general patterns do not negate the importance of climatic variables as important drivers of community metrics but instead indicate that other processes such as recruitment (which can be influenced by climate) may be more directly related over the 10 yr time scale investigated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Such changes in fish distributions can occur at large scales as a consequence of environmental climate drivers, or they could result from local factors such as habitat quality and prey availability.

“Such changes in fish distributions can occur at large scales as a consequence of environmental climate drivers (Nye et al. 2009, Pinsky & Fogarty 2012), or they could result from local factors such as habitat quality and prey availability (e.g.Caddy 1993, Craig 2012).”

• cites Nye et al. 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pinsky & Fogarty 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Caddy 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The strong correlation between ANAD CPUE and the ANAD recruitment index may also have been influenced by the spatially constrained nature of the white perch population, whose migrations are smaller in scale; any white perch recruitment signals would be more easily detected in adults with less environmental and ecological noise.

“The strong correlation between ANAD CPUE and the ANAD recruitment index may also have been influenced by the spatially constrained nature of the white perch population, whose migrations are smaller in scale; any white perch recruitment signals would be more easily detected in adults with less environmental and ecological noise.”

May combine two claims.

The positive correlation between fishery landings and survey CPUE is complicated by the vagaries of using landings data, but part of these concerns are minimized as landings for Atlantic croaker are not restricted by a catch quota.

“The positive correlation between fishery landings and survey CPUE is complicated by the vagaries of using landings data (e.g.lack of effort data, influence of management regulations, discards); however, part of these concerns are minimized as landings for Atlantic croaker (the dominant species) are not restricted by a catch quota as they are for some of the other species (ASMFC 2010).”

• cites ASMFC 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The documented trends and influences of each explanatory factor may also provide tentative relationships to help inform predictions regarding the influence of different stressors on the Chesapeake Bay fish community.

“The documented trends and influences of each explanatory factor may also provide tentative relationships to help inform predictions regarding the influence of different stressors on the Chesapeake Bay fish community.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The negative relationship between recruitment and future adult CPUE could be indicative of density-dependent effects on mortality.

“The negative relationship between recruitment and future adult CPUE could be indicative of density-dependent effects on mortality (Rose et al. 2001)”

• cites Rose et al. 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

CPUE of ANAD fishes was positively correlated with the group's recruitment index with a longer lag, which is consistent with ANAD fishes recruiting to the trawl gear at slightly older ages (approximately age 2 to 3).

“CPUE of ANAD fishes was positively correlated with the group's recruitment index with a longer lag, which is consistent with ANAD fishes recruiting to the trawl gear at slightly older ages (approx.age 2 to 3; Bonzek et al. 2011).”

• cites Bonzek et al. 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hare & Able (2007) linked recruitment indices, adult abundance, and landings of Atlantic croaker to the North Atlantic Oscillation and to minimum winter temperatures at decadal time scales.

“For example, Hare & Able (2007) linked recruitment indices, adult abundance, and landings of Atlantic croaker to the North Atlantic Oscillation and to minimum winter temperatures at decadal time scales.”

• cites Hare & Able 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The correlated pattern in coastwide landings and CPUE metrics underscores that relationships among independent and dependent variables in the GAMs are not necessarily causative, but they may be both responding to some other latent variable(s).

“The correlated pattern in coastwide landings and CPUE metrics underscores the fact that relationships among independent and dependent variables in the GAMs are not necessarily causative, but they may be both responding to some other latent variable(s).”

May combine two claims.

Coastwide landings for the COAS group (primarily Atlantic croaker and summer flounder) have been decreasing since approximately 2004 and 2005, while landings of white perch and striped bass have remained relatively consistent during the study period.

“Coastwide landings for the COAS group (primarily Atlantic croaker and summer flounder) have been decreasing since ~2004 and 2005, while landings of white perch and striped bass have remained relatively consistent during the study period (ASMFC 2010, 2011, Terceiro 2011).”

• cites ASMFC 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites ASMFC 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Terceiro 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.