Sweeten PAMPs: Role of sugar complexed PAMPs in innate immunity and vaccine biology
Open accessAbstract
Innate sensors play a critical role in the early innate immune responses to invading pathogens through sensing of diverse biochemical signatures also known as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These biochemical signatures primarily consist of a major family of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, nitrogen bases, and sugar and its complexes, which are distinct from host molecules and exclusively expressed in pathogens and essential to their survival. The family of sensors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are germ-line encoded, evolutionarily conserved molecules, and consist of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs), and DNA sensors. Sensing of PAMP by PRR initiates the cascade of signaling leading to the activation of transcription factors, such as NF-κB and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), resulting in a variety of cellular responses, including the production of interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this review, we discuss sensing of different types of glycosylated PAMPs such as β-glucan (a polymeric sugar) or lipopolysaccharides, nucleic acid, and so on (sugar complex PAMPs) by different families of sensors, its role in pathogenesis, and its application in development of potential vaccine and vaccine adjuvants.
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- Authors
- Mahla, R. S.
- Affiliations
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Mahla, Ranjeet Singh
- ORCID
- Mahla, Ranjeet Singh
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 248-248
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3759294
- OpenAlex
- W2045475619
- Cited by
- 239
- References
- 205
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India (SR/S2/RJN-55/2009, BT/PR6009/GBD/27/382/2012)
- Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- pathogen-associated molecular patterns, innate immunity, pattern recognition receptors, Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, C-type lectin-like receptors, DNA biosensor, β-glucan, lipopolysaccharide, vaccine adjuvants, vaccine development, interferon signaling, NF-κB, inflammatory cytokines
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