They are what you eat: Can nutritional factors during gestation and early infancy modulate the neonatal immune response?
Open accessAbstract
The ontogeny of the human immune system is sensitive to nutrition even in the very early embryo, with both deficiency and excess of macro- and micronutrients being potentially detrimental. Neonates are particularly vulnerable to infectious disease due to the immaturity of the immune system and modulation of nutritional immunity may play a role in this sensitivity. This review examines whether nutrition around the time of conception, throughout pregnancy, and in early neonatal life may impact on the developing infant immune system.
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In babies and infants, breast milk is the major nutritional influence and is formulated to ensure that nutritional needs are met.
“In babies and infants, breast milk is the major nutritional influence and is formulated to ensure that nutritional needs are met [49,71].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
The concentrations of certain micronutrients in breastmilk (e.g., calcium, magnesium, and copper) are regulated by maternal homeostatic mechanisms (i.e., independent of maternal nutritional status and diet) to ensure they are sufficient to meet infant needs and to protect them against deficiency or excess.
“The concentrations of certain micronutrients in breastmilk (e.g., calcium, magnesium, and copper) are regulated by maternal homeostatic mechanisms (i.e., independent of maternal nutritional status and diet) to ensure they are sufficient to meet infant needs [72] and to protect them against deficiency or excess [71,73,74,75].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
The excretion of fat- and water-soluble micronutrients (e.g., vitamin A, and vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, and C, respectively) into breast milk is dependent on maternal intake and varies worldwide.
“In contrast, the excretion of fat- and water-soluble micronutrients (e.g., vitamin A, and vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, and C, respectively) into breast milk is dependent on maternal intake and varies worldwide [71,74,75].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
Breastmilk contains various immunological components such as antibodies (e.g., antigen-specific IgA), anti-inflammatory cytokines and other antimicrobial factors, but also most of the micronutrients necessary to support neonatal development, including of the immune system.
“Breastmilk contains various immunological components such as antibodies (e.g., antigen-specific IgA), anti-inflammatory cytokines and other antimicrobial factors, but also most of the micronutrients necessary to support neonatal development, including of the immune system [49,71].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
A low vitamin C status also increases susceptibility to infections such as pneumonia, possibly because low levels of antioxidants such as vitamin C are unable to counteract the oxidative stress observed in pneumonia.
“A low vitamin C status also increases susceptibility to infections such as pneumonia [71], possibly because low levels of antioxidants such as vitamin C are unable to counteract the oxidative stress observed in pneumonia [104].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
Vitamin D intake is usually inadequate in most age groups worldwide, even in countries with mandatory food fortification, which can increase the risk of infection, especially respiratory tract infections.
“Vitamin D intake is usually inadequate in most age groups worldwide, even in countries with mandatory food fortification [98], which can increase the risk of infection, especially respiratory tract infections [71].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
In children with vitamin A deficiency, supplementation can decrease the risk of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, and reduce the incidence of diarrhea and measles.
“In children with vitamin A deficiency, supplementation can decrease the risk of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases [77], and reduce the incidence of diarrhea and measles [14,71].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
Zinc can reduce both the risk and duration of pneumonia in children, help to manage infantile diarrhea, lead to fewer episodes of malaria, and reduce the duration of diarrhea.
“Zinc can also reduce both the risk and duration of pneumonia in children, help to manage infantile diarrhea, lead to fewer episodes of malaria, and reduce the duration of diarrhea [3,17,71].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
Adequate vitamin C intakes can optimize cell and tissue levels and help to protect against respiratory and systemic infections (e.g., reduced duration and severity of pneumonia).
“Adequate vitamin C intakes can optimize cell and tissue levels and help to protect against respiratory and systemic infections (e.g., reduced duration and severity of pneumonia [71]), while higher levels are required during infection to compensate for the increased inflammatory response and metabolic demand induced by the pathogen, and thus help to reduce the duration and severity of symptoms [12]”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
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- Authors
- Prentice, S.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Prentice, Sarah
- ORCID
- Prentice, Sarah
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2017-11-28
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 1641-1641
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5712338
- OpenAlex
- W2769755851
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 318
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 0.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (ITCRZB84)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- maternal nutrition, pregnancy, early infancy, neonatal immune system, immune ontogeny, nutritional immunity, micronutrients, macronutrients, neonatal infection susceptibility, maternal diet
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