Cited by 115Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Diagnosis and TreatmentAcute Myeloid Leukemia ResearchPlatelet Disorders and Treatments

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 195 of the 196 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Inflammatory Pathophysiology as a Contributor to Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

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Abstract

Myeloid neoplasms, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), feature clonal dominance and remodeling of the bone marrow niche in a manner that promotes malignant over non-malignant hematopoiesis. This take-over of hematopoiesis by the malignant clone is hypothesized to include hyperactivation of inflammatory signaling and overproduction of inflammatory cytokines. In the Ph-negative MPNs, inflammatory cytokines are considered to be responsible for a highly deleterious pathophysiologic process: the phenotypic transformation of polycythemia vera (PV) or essential thrombocythemia (ET) to secondary myelofibrosis (MF), and the equivalent emergence of primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Bone marrow fibrosis itself is thought to be mediated heavily by the cytokine TGF-β, and possibly other cytokines produced as a result of hyperactivated JAK2 kinase in the malignant clone. MF also features extramedullary hematopoiesis and progression to bone marrow failure, both of which may be mediated in part by responses to cytokines. In MF, elevated levels of individual cytokines in plasma are adverse prognostic indicators: elevated IL-8/CXCL8, in particular, predicts risk of transformation of MF to secondary AML (sAML). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, also known as TNFα), may underlie malignant clonal dominance, based on results from mouse models. Human PV and ET, as well as MF, harbor overproduction of multiple cytokines, above what is observed in normal aging, which can lead to cellular signaling abnormalities separate from those directly mediated by hyperactivated JAK2 or MPL kinases. Evidence that NFκB pathway signaling is frequently hyperactivated in a pan-hematopoietic pattern in MPNs, including in cells outside the malignant clone, emphasizes that MPNs are pan-hematopoietic diseases, which remodel the bone marrow milieu to favor persistence of the malignancy. Clinical evidence that JAK2 inhibition by ruxolitinib in MF neither reliably reduces malignant clonal burden nor eliminates cytokine elevations, suggests targeting cytokine mediated signaling as a therapeutic strategy, which is being pursued in new clinical trials. Greater knowledge of inflammatory pathophysiology in MPNs can therefore contribute to the development of more effective therapy.

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  1. Hasselbalch, 2015, Ruxolitinib Versus Standard Therapy for the Treatment of Polycythemia Vera, N Engl J Med, 372, 1670, 10.1056/NEJMc1502524 · DOI · Paper page

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Metadata

Authors
Fisher, D. A. C., Fowles, J. S., Zhou, A., & Oh, S. T.
Affiliations
Washington University in St. Louis (US)
Corresponding author
Oh, Stephen Tracy
Venue
Frontiers in Immunology
Published
2021-06-01
Volume
12
Pages
683401-683401
ISSN
1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3167008187
Cited by
115
References
196
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 4
FWCI
2.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (P30AR073752)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Acute Myeloid Leukemia Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Platelet Disorders and Treatments
Keywords
myeloproliferative neoplasms, inflammatory cytokines, bone marrow microenvironment, clonal dominance, secondary myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, primary myelofibrosis, TGF-beta, JAK2, NF-κB signaling, IL-8/CXCL8, TNF-α, ruxolitinib, cytokine-targeted therapy, extramedullary hematopoiesis, bone marrow failure, myeloid neoplasms
MeSH terms
Age Factors, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Disease Susceptibility, Humans, Models, Biological, Myeloproliferative Disorders, Signal Transduction, Biomarkers, Cytokines, Inflammation Mediators, Primary Myelofibrosis

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